| 1. |
- Eid, Jarle, et al.
(author)
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Developing local crisis leadership : A research and training agenda
- 2023
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In: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 14
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The crisis triggered by Covid-19 has exposed the interdependencies of modern society and sparked interest in local response to protracted and complex crisis situations. There has been a growing awareness and interest in the key roles of political and professional stakeholders, their emotional regulation and how they influence team performance and outcomes in dealing with uncertainty and complex crisis situations. While cognitive and behavioral aspects of crisis leadership are well researched, less is understood about how one can mitigate negative emotions, instill trust, or restore public faith and support of security forces and emergency response teams during crises. In addressing this gap, we propose a simplified conceptual roadmap for research and training of local crisis leadership. In this, we emphasize complex problem solving, team interaction, team context and technology and team training design. These four factors represent significant barriers if neglected. On the other side, they may be considerable force multipliers when better understood and managed. We suggest how seven research and training questions could be linked to the four conceptual factors and guide an evidence-based approach to develop local crisis leadership.
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| 2. |
- Eid, Jarle, et al.
(author)
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Distributed team processes in healthcare services : a scoping review
- 2023
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In: Frontiers in Medicine. - 2296-858X. ; 10
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: High-quality healthcare services is delivered by teams rather than individuals and depends heavily on multidisciplinary cooperation between dispersed healthcare professionals. The aim of this scoping review is to identify common barriers and innovative applications of technology supporting team processes and patient safety, in geographically dispersed healthcare services.Methods: Studies were identified from searches in APA PsychINFO, Epistemonikos and Medline databases, from 2010 to 2023. A detailed search strategy was performed, and studies were included, based on prior established criteria.Results: Among the 19 studies that fulfilled our inclusion criteria, the majority (85%) were from Europe or North America, and most studies (53%) were quantitative, with a cross-sectional study design. Several reported observed distributed team processes in training and education. Most studies described barriers and detailed how innovative approaches and technological solutions were introduced to improve communication, coordination, and shared mental models in distributed healthcare settings. A small proportion of studies (16%) used health services data to examine interpersonal exchange and team processes.Conclusion: The scoping review offer recommendations to enhance future research on distributed team processes in healthcare services.
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| 3. |
- Espevik, Roar, Professor, et al.
(author)
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Police Dyads Within an Operational Simulation : an Empirical Test of the Research Propositions Made in the “Big Five” Teamwork Approach
- 2022
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In: Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0882-0783 .- 1936-6469. ; 37, s. 844-855
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Based on the impact of the theoretical big five of teamwork model proposed by Salas et al. (2005), the present study aimed at investigating the model within an operational police simulation. One hundred and sixty-seven frontline police officers participated in the study. Based on path analyses, a reduced model excluding trust and leadership obtained a good fit with the data.The results provided some support for the model by confirming six out of 10 proposed direct effects and four out of seven indirect pathways. Shared mental models directly affected team adaptability, and backup behavior affects adaptability and team effectiveness. Team orientation affects mutual performance monitoring and backup behavior, and finally, reciprocal monitoring affects backup behavior. Monitoring influenced both team effectiveness and adaptability through backup behavior. Two paths from team orientation towards effectiveness were found. One flowing through monitoring and another through back-up behavior. Our study expands former knowledge of the big five theory by empirically testing the totality of the model and identifying important pathways.
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| 6. |
- Johnsen, Bjørn Helge, et al.
(author)
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Coordinating Mechanisms Are More Important Than Team Processes for Geographically Dispersed Emergency Dispatch and Paramedic Teams
- 2022
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In: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 13
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In recent decades there has been an increased emphasis on non-technical skills in medical teams. One promising approach that relates teamwork to medical efficiency is the theory of Shared Mental Models (SMM). The aim of the present study was to investigate the suitability of the Shared Mental Model approach for teamwork between operators in emergency medical communication centers and the first line ambulance personnel in real-life settings. These teams collaborate while working from geographically dispersed positions, which makes them distinct from the kinds of teams examined in most previous research on team effectiveness. A pressing issue is therefore whether current models on co-located teams are valid for medical distributed teams. A total of 240 participants from 80 emergency medical teams participated in the study. A team effectiveness model was proposed based on identified team coordinating mechanisms and the “Big five†team processes. Path analyses showed that SMM was positively associated with team effectiveness (i.e., performance satisfaction and situational awareness) and negatively related to mission complexity. Furthermore, the coordinating mechanisms of SMM and Closed Loop Communication was positively related to “Big five†team scores. However, no effects were found for the “Big five†team processes on effectiveness, which could indicate that the model needs to be adjusted for application to geographically dispersed teams. Possible implications for team training of distributed emergency response teams are discussed.
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| 7. |
- Johnsen, Bjørn H., et al.
(author)
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The Effect of Complexity of Ambulance Missions on Shared Mental Models in Virtual Teams
- 2022
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In: Emergency Medicine Open Journal. - 2379-4046. ; 8:1, s. 25-31
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Empirical research on shared mental models (SMM) in virtual environments are almost non-existent. Pre-hospital emergencies presents an opportunity to examine team processes in virtual teams because the dispatcher is geographically separated from the ambulance and at the same time plays a significant role in coordinating, organizing, obtaining, evaluating, and conveying relevant information to the deployed ambulance. The present study aimed at mapping team behavior and cognition in critical real-life emergency medical missions based on the concept of SMM. Methods By investigating the frequencies of coordinating mechanisms and team competencies based on voice recordings from real-life missions, differences in team behavior between low and high-complexity missions were investigated. Results Lower frequencies of team competencies and coordinating mechanisms were found in high compared to low-complexity missions. The results showed a different profile in communication between high and low-complexity missions with more frequent use of both coordinating mechanisms and team competencies in low-complexity missions. Furthermore, the profiles revealed that SMM and closed loop communication were the only coordinating mechanism used, and leadership and team orientation were the only competencies exercised. Conclusion It was concluded that the lack of visual input of a team member during team interaction could lead to team process loss due to a breakdown of the team into sub-units. Potential improvement of team behavior is discussed within the SMM framework.
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| 8. |
- Langhammer, Arnulf, et al.
(author)
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Effect of inhaled corticosteroids on forearm bone mineral density: The HUNT Study, Norway
- 2007
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In: Respiratory Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-3064 .- 0954-6111. ; 101:8, s. 1744-1752
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose: To study the effect of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) on bone mineral density (BMD) in an observational longitudinal study. Methods: In 1995-97, as part of the Nord-Trondelag Health Study, Norway, 10,941 subjects aged 20yr or more, either reporting asthma diagnosis/asthma-related symptoms or randomly selected, were interviewed, underwent spirometry and had their forearm BMD assessed. Among these, 4705 persons were invited to follow-up interview and bone densitometry in 2001; a total of 2848 subjects were eligible for analyses. Results: Use of corticosteroids for respiratory diseases was reported by 1262 subjects, and 528 subjects had used ICS at both baseline and follow-up. The yearly loss of adjusted forearm distal. BMD was higher in those reporting use of ICS at both baseline and follow-up compared to subjects without respiratory symptoms. In women the figures were 3.14 versus 2.26 mg/cm(2), whilst in men they were 3.76 versus 1.92 mg/cm(2) (both p < 0.01). No significant association was found between loss of BMD and neither daily dose nor duration of ICS use. Reduced lung function (forced expiratory flow in 1 s) was an independent risk factor for increased bone loss in both sexes. Conclusions: ICS users had greater bone loss at the forearm compared to ICS naive persons, but no significant dose-response effect between ICS and BMD was found. Residual confounding by disease severity cannot be ruled out, but even in case of an ICS causal effect, this should have minor clinical significance in most patients using tow to moderate doses of ICS. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. ALL rights reserved.
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| 9. |
- Mattingsdal, Jostein, et al.
(author)
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Effect of changing threat conditions on police and military commanders’ preferences for urgent and offensive actions : An analysis of decision making at the operational level of war
- 2023
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In: Military Psychology. - 0899-5605 .- 1532-7876.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A simulation was conducted to examine the decision making of 102 high-ranking police and military commanders (male/female = 88/12, mean years of employment = 22.15) engaged in a simulated hybrid attack on Norway. Four 2 × 3 repeated-measures ANOVA tests were performed, with two groups (police, military) and three phases (peace, war, and post-conflict) as independent variables. The decision tasks of force posture and mission urgency, along with Subject Matter Expert (SME) ratings of decision-making performance, served as dependent variables. By using social cognitive theory as the theoretical framework, the analysis demonstrated within-group effects indicating how the transition from peace to war caused more offensive postures, higher urgency levels, and increased performance in wartime. Between-group differences were also found, illustrating that police commanders had higher levels of urgency than military commanders in general. Regarding force posture, within-group differences were only found in the post-conflict phase, when police commanders returned to pre-war levels, while military commanders showed less offensive postures than in peacetime. No significant between-group differences were found in decision-making performance. The analysis demonstrated new empirical findings about how crisis management is impacted by change and the backgrounds of those in charge. The findings have implications for designing interagency frameworks that improve police-military interoperability in collaborative efforts.
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| 10. |
- Mattingsdal, Jostein, Professor, et al.
(author)
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Exploring Why Police and Military Commanders Do What They Do : An Empirical Analysis of Decision-Making in Hybrid Warfare
- 2023
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In: Armed forces and society. - 0095-327X .- 1556-0848.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study, a total of 102 high-ranking commanders from a military and police background were included in a simulation involving hybrid attacks on Norway. The aim was to explore the commanders’ decision-making in the context of hybrid warfare and changing threats. Data were collected in a simulated national headquarters and analyzed by a multinominal logistic regression method using a scenario that transformed from peacetime into war and returned to peace. The results demonstrated significant differences in the commanders’ preferences for unilateral or interagency forces depending on whether decisions were made in peacetime, war or the post-conflict phase. The results also showed how the commanders’ level of operational experience was associated with an increased preference for interagency forces. The current findings are new empirical insights into a thus far neglected aspect of decision-making research and have implications for improving police-military interoperability in major security crises.
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