| 2. |
- Hellstrand, Per, et al.
(author)
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O2 consumption, aerobic glycolysis and tissue phosphagen content during activation of the Na+/K+ pump in rat portal vein
- 1984
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In: Pflügers Archiv. - 0031-6768. ; 401:2, s. 119-124
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Oxygen consumption, lactate production and tissue contents of ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr) and lactate were measured following readdition of K+ to K+-depleted rat portal veins, in order to study the energy turnover associated with Na+/K+ pumping. During incubation in K+-free medium at 37 degrees C spontaneous contractions disappeared in 10-20 min. Readdition of K+ (5.9 mM) after 40 min K+-free incubation caused hyperpolarization of the cell membrane for the first 5-10 min and then gradual depolarization with return of spontaneous action potentials and contractions by 10-20 min. During the first 4-6 min after K+ readdition aerobic lactate production was about doubled and then gradually returned to the original level (0.17 mumol/min g) at about 20 min. The increase in glycolytic rate was prevented by 1 mM ouabain. In contrast, O2 consumption (in K+-free medium, 0.38 mumol/min g) rose by about 10% when K+ was added and this increase lasted about 5 min. By 8 min after K+ addition the increased glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation had accounted for each about the same amount of extra ATP generation over that extrapolated from the steady rate before K+ addition. The average total increase in ATP turnover in the first 8 min was 15%. During this period there was no change in the cellular content of ATP, PCr, or extractable ADP. The results indicate that Na+/K+ pumping utilizes a relatively small share of the total energy turnover in the vascular smooth muscle but is to a large extent dependent on aerobic glycolysis and therefore a major site of carbohydrate usage.
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| 3. |
- Rabe, Klaus F., et al.
(author)
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Budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler for maintenance and relief in mild-to-moderate asthma : a randomized, double-blind trial
- 2006
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In: Chest. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-3692 .- 1931-3543. ; 129:2, s. 246-256
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Study objective: To compare a novel asthma management strategy—budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler for both maintenance therapy and symptom relief—with a higher dose of budesonide plus as-needed terbutaline. Methods: This was a 6-month, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study in patients with mild-to-moderate asthma (n = 697; mean age, 38 years [range, 11 to 79 years]; mean baseline FEV1, 75% of predicted; mean inhaled corticosteroid [ICS] dosage, 348 μg/d). Following a 2-week run-in period, all patients received two blinded, dry powder inhalers, one containing maintenance medication and one containing medication to be used as needed for the relief of symptoms. Patients were randomized to receive either budesonide/formoterol (80 μg/4.5 μg, two inhalations qd) for maintenance plus additional inhalations as needed for symptom relief, or budesonide (160 μg, two inhalations qd) for maintenance medication plus terbutaline (0.4 mg) as needed. The primary efficacy variable was morning peak expiratory flow (PEF). Results: Patients receiving budesonide/formoterol showed greater improvements in morning PEF than patients receiving budesonide (increases of 34.5 L/min vs 9.5 L/min, respectively; p < 0.001). The risk of having a severe exacerbation (hospitalization/emergency department [ED] treatment, oral steroids for asthma, or a ≥ 30% decrease from baseline in morning PEF on 2 consecutive days) was 54% lower with budesonide/formoterol vs budesonide (p = 0.0011). Budesonide/formoterol patients experienced 90% fewer hospitalizations/ED treatments due to asthma than budesonide patients (1 vs 10, respectively; p = 0.026). The increased efficacy with budesonide/formoterol was achieved with less ICS than was used in the budesonide group (mean dose, 240 μg/d vs 320 μg/d, respectively) and with 77% fewer oral steroid treatment days vs budesonide (114 days vs 498 days, respectively). Both treatments were well tolerated. Conclusions: Budesonide/formoterol for both maintenance and relief improves asthma control with a lower steroid load compared with a higher dose of budesonide plus terbutaline.
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