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- Santangelo, James S., et al.
(author)
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Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover
- 2022
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In: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 375
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Urbanization transforms environments in ways that alter biological evolution. We examined whether urban environmental change drives parallel evolution by sampling 110,019 white clover plants from 6169 populations in 160 cities globally. Plants were assayed for a Mendelian antiherbivore defense that also affects tolerance to abiotic stressors. Urban-rural gradients were associated with the evolution of clines in defense in 47% of cities throughout the world. Variation in the strength of clines was explained by environmental changes in drought stress and vegetation cover that varied among cities. Sequencing 2074 genomes from 26 cities revealed that the evolution of urban-rural dines was best explained by adaptive evolution, but the degree of parallel adaptation varied among cities. Our results demonstrate that urbanization leads to adaptation at a global scale.
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- Spitalnik, Steven L, et al.
(author)
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2015 proceedings of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's State of the Science in Transfusion Medicine symposium
- 2015
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In: Transfusion. - : Wiley. - 1537-2995 .- 0041-1132. ; 55:9, s. 90-2282
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- On March 25 and 26, 2015, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute sponsored a meeting on the State of the Science in Transfusion Medicine on the National Institutes of Health (NIH) campus in Bethesda, Maryland, which was attended by a diverse group of 330 registrants. The meeting's goal was to identify important research questions that could be answered in the next 5 to 10 years and which would have the potential to transform the clinical practice of transfusion medicine. These questions could be addressed by basic, translational, and/or clinical research studies and were focused on four areas: the three "classical" transfusion products (i.e., red blood cells, platelets, and plasma) and blood donor issues. Before the meeting, four working groups, one for each area, prepared five major questions for discussion along with a list of five to 10 additional questions for consideration. At the meeting itself, all of these questions, and others, were discussed in keynote lectures, small-group breakout sessions, and large-group sessions with open discourse involving all meeting attendees. In addition to the final lists of questions, provided herein, the meeting attendees identified multiple overarching, cross-cutting themes that addressed issues common to all four areas; the latter are also provided. It is anticipated that addressing these scientific priorities, with careful attention to the overarching themes, will inform funding priorities developed by the NIH and provide a solid research platform for transforming the future practice of transfusion medicine.
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- Chen, Zhen, et al.
(author)
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Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Reversible and Irreversible Monoacylglycerol Lipase Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Tracers Using a "Tail Switching" Strategy on a Piperazinyl Azetidine Skeleton
- 2019
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In: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-2623 .- 1520-4804. ; 62:7, s. 3336-3353
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a senile hydrolase that degrades 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the endocannabinoid system (eCB). Selective inhibition of MAGL has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of diverse pathological conditions, including chronic pain, inflammation, cancer, and neurodegeneration. Herein, we disclose a novel array of reversible and irreversible MAGL inhibitors by means of "tail switching" on a piperazinyl azetidine scaffold. We developed a lead irreversible-binding MAGL inhibitor 8 and reversible-binding compounds 17 and 37, which are amenable for radiolabeling with C-11 or F-18. [C-11]8 ([C-11]MAGL-2-11) exhibited high brain uptake and excellent binding specificity in the brain toward MAGL. Reversible radioligands [C-11]17 ([C-11]PAD) and [F-18]37 ([F-18]MAGL-4-11) also demonstrated excellent in vivo binding specificity toward MAGL in peripheral organs. This work may pave the way for the development of MAGL-targeted positron emission tomography tracers with tunability in reversible and irreversible binding mechanisms.
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- Eriksson, Jens, 1982-
(author)
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The End of Piracy : Rethinking the History of German Print Piracy in the Early Nineteenth Century
- 2016
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This dissertation is an historical study of the German book trade in the early decades of the nineteenth century. In this period, German states passed authorial rights reforms that prompted energetic discussions about the definition of authorship and unauthorized reprinting. What was to count as a new publication? What was authorship? How did it differ from book piracy? By addressing these questions, this dissertation advances two principal arguments. The first deals with the idealist reconceptualization of authorship that took place around 1800. I argue that the spread of idealist authorship helped book merchants market recycled publications as new works and defend their publications against the charge of piracy. My second argument concerns the size of the German reprinting industry. Against the widespread view that print piracy came to an end in the early nineteenth century, I argue that disputes over the definition of unauthorized reprinting made the size of the German reprinting industry a contentious matter.The study consists of three empirical chapters. The first examines reactions to the confederal ban on unauthorized reprinting from 1837, as well as the construction of authorship that philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and Johann Gottlob Fichte helped establish around 1800. The second chapter explores the history of the Stuttgart publisher Carl Erhard’s Conversations-Lexikon, a publication that was at the heart of the debates studied here. The third chapter focuses on the Leipzig book fair catalog and efforts to quantify the number of new German books published each year. Attempts to quantify new publications raised pressing questions about the difference between new works and reprints. In the ensuing discussions, disputes over the definition reprinting evolved into disagreements over the prevalence of piracy on the book market. In this regard, the controversies raised over the definition of unauthorized reprinting offer lessons about much more than a particular moment in the history of piracy. Taken together, the three chapters grapple with the power of words to not only describe things and practices, but also to shape our perception of entities such as the market.
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