| 1. |
- Kilkis, Siir, et al.
(författare)
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A Parametric Study for Integrated Design Optimization of Low-Energy Buildings
- 2011
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Ingår i: ASHRAE. ; , s. 442-449
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Beyond a low-energy and low-exergy building concept, the mechanical system that converts energy resources to useful mechanical power and HVAC functions need to be optimized for maximum efficiency with minimum energy waste and exergy destruction. This paper provides a new analytical algorithm, which optimizes the CHP, absorption chiller, heat pump, alternative energy and power systems like wind and solar, TES, PES, and HVAC terminal unit combinations and capacities for a given building. A case study is presented for several mechanical system scenarios. Results show that lower CO(2) impact buildings are possible even when fossil fuels are used.
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| 2. |
- Babiker, Mustafa, et al.
(författare)
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What the latest science on climate change mitigation means for cities and urban areas
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Summary for Urban Policymakers (SUP) initiative provides a distillation of the IPCC reports into accessible and targeted summaries that can help inform action at city and regional scales. Volume I in the series, What the Latest Physical Science of Climate Change Means for Cities, identified the ways in which human-induced climate change is affecting every region of the world, and the cities and urban areas therein. Volume II, Climate Change in Cities and Urban Areas: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, assessed the feasibility and effectiveness of different adaptation options. To achieve climate resilient development, synergies between policies and actions for climate change adaptation, mitigation and other development goals are needed.This third volume in the series, What the Latest Science on Climate Change Mitigation Means for Cities and Urban Areas offers a concise and accessible distillation of the IPCC Working Group III Report for urban policymakers. The 21st century is characterized by a rapidly growing urban population, urban land expansion and associated rise in demand for resources, infrastructure and services. These trends are expected to drive the growth in emissions from urban consumption and production through 2100, although the rate of urban emissions growth will depend on the type of urbanisation and the speed and scale of mitigation action implemented. Aggressive and ambitious policies for transition towards net zero greenhouse gas emissions can be implemented in cities and urban areas, while contributing to sustainable development. Ultimately, mitigation action and adaptation are interdependent processes, and pursuing these actions together can promote sustainable development.
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| 3. |
- Bai, Xuemei, et al.
(författare)
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Translating Earth system boundaries for cities and businesses
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Sustainability. - 2398-9629. ; 7, s. 108-119
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Operating within safe and just Earth system boundaries requires mobilizing key actors across scale to set targets and take actions accordingly. Robust, transparent and fair cross-scale translation methods are essential to help navigate through the multiple steps of scientific and normative judgements in translation, with clear awareness of associated assumptions, bias and uncertainties. Here, through literature review and expert elicitation, we identify commonly used sharing approaches, illustrate ten principles of translation and present a protocol involving key building blocks and control steps in translation. We pay particular attention to businesses and cities, two understudied but critical actors to bring on board.
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| 4. |
- Björk, Folke, et al.
(författare)
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Energy quality management and low energy architecture
- 2012
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Ingår i: World Renewable Energy Forum, WREF 2012, Including World Renewable Energy Congress XII and Colorado Renewable Energy Society (CRES) Annual Conference. - : American Solar Energy Society. - 9781622760923 ; , s. 4558-4564
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper puts forth energy quality management as the stepwise process of taking care of the quality of energy better. Energy quality can also be expressed as exergy, which measures the useful work potential of a given amount or flow of energy. Energy quality management is particularly useful to reduce the primary energy use in the built environment. This is achieved by reducing the heating and cooling demand, making use of passive building techniques, exploiting local renewable sources, and utilizing efficiently non-renewable energy. The application of the Rational Exergy Management Model further indicates how the integration of the building in the broader perspective of the community level is crucial to curb the building-related CO2 emissions. The paper concludes that exergy is a vital aspect for low energy and low CO2 emissions architecture.
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| 5. |
- Hsu, Angel, et al.
(författare)
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Opportunities and barriers to net-zero cities
- 2022
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Ingår i: One Earth. - : Elsevier. - 2590-3330 .- 2590-3322. ; 5:7, s. 739-744
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today, more than 700 cities worldwide have made net-zero pledges. Managing these bold targets, however, is not easy given the complexity of urban systems. Although holistic mitigation efforts are vital, individual sectors are likely to face their own challenges and require tailor-made solutions. This Voices asks: what are the challenges and opportunities in transforming cities toward net-zero carbon emissions?
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| 6. |
- Kilkiş, Şiir
(författare)
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A net-zero building application and its role in exergy-aware local energy strategies for sustainability
- 2012
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Ingår i: Energy Conversion and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0196-8904 .- 1879-2227. ; 63:SI, s. 208-217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on two case studies, this paper explores the nexus of exergy, net-zero targets, and sustainable cities as a means of analyzing the role of exergy-aware strategies at the building and district level. The first case study is a premier building in Ankara that is ready to meet the net-zero exergy target. It is also the first building in Turkey to receive the highest Platinum rating in Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. A net-zero exergy building (NZEXB) is a building that has an annual sum of net-zero exergy transfer across the building-district boundary. This new target is made possible by lowered annual exergy consumption, (AEXC), and increased on-site production from a bundle of sustainable energy technologies. The modeled results of the building indicate that the reduced AEXC of 60 kW h/m 2 yr is met with on-site production of 62 kW h/m 2 yr. On-site production includes PV and building integrated PV, a micro-wind turbine, combined heat and power, GSHP, and solar collectors. Diversified thermal energy storage tanks further facilitate the exergy supply to meet with the exergy demand. The results of this case study provide key lessons to structure an energy value chain that is more aware of exergy, which are up-scalable to the district level when the bundle of sustainable energy technologies is zoomed out across a larger spatial area. These key lessons are then compared with the second case study of two districts in the south heating network of the city of Stockholm, which was the European Green Capital in 2010. The levels of exergy match in these districts of Stockholm, namely the districts of Högdalen and Hammarby, is found to be 0.82 and 0.84, respectively. However, there remain several bottlenecks for these districts to reach net-zero targets at the community level. The paper concludes that the NZEXB case study has much to offer as a "building block" to reform the way energy is converted and managed and in this way, to structure an exergy-aware energy value chain for greater sustainability in green cities of the future.
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| 7. |
- Kilkis, Siir
(författare)
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A New Metric for Net- Zero Carbon Buildings
- 2007
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Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY CONFERENCE 2007. ; , s. 219-224
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, a new carbon equivalency metric was developed in order to quantify the compound carbon emissions for which buildings are responsible in the built environment. This metric first analyses the rationale about the management of the exergy balance among the supply and demand that is involved in satisfying building power and energy loads. Then using the degree of the rationale found, direct carbon emissions from the building and avoidable secondary carbon emissions for which the building is responsible due to exergy mismatches are calculated. Based on this metric, a net-zero carbon building definition was introduced and its advantages for quantifying the actual impact of buildings on global sustainability were discussed in comparison to net-zero energy building and carbon neutral building concepts. A case study for an example net-zero energy building is presented, which reveals that the new carbon equivalency metric can indicate whether the building is actually environmentally neutral or not. The results show that the example building has negative impacts on the environment and global sustainability in terms of carbon emissions even though it is rated as a net-zero building. This paper also discusses that although another new, net-zero exergy building definition may reduce the shortcomings of the net-zero building definition, the net-zero carbon building metric may accurately rate the environmental impact of buildings. Beyond carbon emissions from buildings, the same metric can be used for any variety of greenhouse emissions and sectors.
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| 8. |
- Kilkis, Siir
(författare)
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A New Rational Exergy Management Model Guided Metric for Evaluating Sustainable Cooling Strategies for Low-Exergy Green Buildings and Cities
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 10<sup>th</sup> REHVA World Congress CLIMA 2010. - Antalya. - 9789756907146
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper applies the Rational Exergy Management Model (REMM) to evaluate sustainable cooling strategies for low-exergy green buildings and green cities, mimicking ecosystems that utilize exergy more optimally. The paper includes a special formulation of the exergy demand for space cooling and a definition of an effective temperature of solar insolation based on a technique of exergy-mapping. The alternatives to a base case as characterized by structural exergy overshoots and high avoidable CO2 emissions impacts include absorption cooling with renewable energies for district cooling in high-density areas. A new, REMM guided built environment signature is also provided to monitor transformations towards a foresight for a built ecosystem. The paper concludes that there must be significant progress for more optimal linkages in the exergy supply and exergy demand points to minimize CO2 emissions impacts.
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| 9. |
- Kilkis, Siir
(författare)
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A Rational Exergy Management Model for Curbing Building CO2 Emissions
- 2007
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Ingår i: ASHRAE Transactions. - Atlanta : ASHRAE. - 0001-2505. ; 113:2, s. 113-123
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A rational exergy management model was developed, which establishes a common metric and provides a tool for matching the exergy of energy sources with different applications in the built environment for global sustainability. In order to develop and evaluate this model, first a base case was defined, which involves a building using a natural gas boiler for comfort heating and receiving electricity from a remote thermal power plant. For the base case, the rational exergy management efficiency, which is a measure of the level of match in the supply and demand of exergy, is only 4%. To analyze the impact of increasing the rational exergy efficiency on carbon mitigation relative to the base case, three exergy and environment aware cases were considered. These cases were: the same building thermally linked to the power plant through a district energy system (Case One), the same building with a micro CHP using a natural gas internal combustion engine (Case Two), and the same building with a renewable energy driven electric power generator and a ground-source heat pump (Case Three). A detailed analysis of the carbon reduction potential of the three cases revealed that it is possible to realize a new CO2 reducing wedge in addition to the seven wedges that have already been identified by the Carbon Mitigation Initiative (CMI). Calculations show that Case Three may reduce the global emissions to about 6 GtC/year by the year 2055 from the current value of 7 GtC/year. Therefore, the eighth wedge may not only help to stabilize the current levels of emissions but also decrease it below the current level. This paper explains the Rational Exergy Management Model (REMM), its emission projections, and describes the three cases in detail. Results indicate the importance of rational exergy management for global sustainability and next-generation green buildings and show that this metric can manage a robust roadmap to curb CO2 emissions from buildings.
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| 10. |
- Kilkis, Siir
(författare)
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A Rational Exergy Management Model to Curb CO2 Emissions in the Exergy-Aware Built Environments of the Future
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis puts forth the means of a strategic approach to address a persistent problem in the energy system and in this way, to transition the built environment to a future state that is more exergy-aware to curb CO2 emissions. Such a vision is made possible by the six-fold contributions of the research work: I) An analytical model is developed, which for the first time, formulates the CO2 emissions that are compounded in the energy system as a function of the systematic failures to match the supply and demand of exergy. This model is namely the Rational Exergy Management Model or REMM. II) REMM is then applied to analyze the pathways in which it is possible to lead the built environment into addressing structural overshoots in its exergy supply to curb CO2 emissions. The cases that embody these pathways are also analyzed over a base case, including cases for sustainable heating and cooling. III) New tools are designed to augment decision-making and exemplify a paradigm shift in the more rational usage of exergy to curb CO2 emissions. These include a scenario-based analysis tool, new options for CO2 wedges, and a multi-fold solution space for CO2 mitigation strategies based on REMM. IV) The concept of a net-zero exergy building (NZEXB) is developed and related to REMM strategies as the building block of an exergy-aware energy system. The target of a NZEXB is further supported by key design principles, which address shortcomings in state-of-the-art net-zero design. V) A premier building that deployed the key design principles to integrate building technology in an innovative, exergy-aware design and received LEED Platinum is analyzed on the basis of the NZEXB target. The results validate that this building boosts net self-sufficiency and curbs compound CO2 emissions, which are then presented in a proposed scheme to benchmark and/or label future NZEXBs. VI) Based on the scalability of the best-practices of the NZEXB ready building, the means to realize a smarter energy system that has exergy-aware relations in each aspect of the value chain to curb CO2 emissions are discussed. This includes a target for such a network at the community level, namely a net-zero exergy community (NZEXC). As a whole, the results of the thesis indicate that the strategic approach as provided by REMM and the NZEXB target of the research work has the potential to steer the speed and direction of societal action to curb CO2 emissions. The thesis concludes with a roadmap that represents a cyclical series of actions that may be scaled-up at various levels of the built environment in a transition to be in better balance with the Planet.
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