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- Furukawa, T. A., et al.
(author)
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Dismantling, optimising, and personalising internet cognitive behavioural therapy for depression: a systematic review and component network meta-analysis using individual data
- 2021
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In: Lancet Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 2215-0374 .- 2215-0366. ; 8:6, s. 500-511
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Findings We identified 76 RCTs, including 48 trials contributing individual participant data (11 704 participants) and 28 trials with aggregate data (6474 participants). The participants' weighted mean age was 42.0 years and 12 406 (71%) of 17 521 reported were women. There was suggestive evidence that behavioural activation might be beneficial (iMD -1.83 [95% credible interval (CrI) -2.90 to -0.80]) and that relaxation might be harmful (1.20 [95% CrI 0.17 to 2.27]). Baseline severity emerged as the strongest prognostic factor for endpoint depression. Combining human and automated encouragement reduced dropouts from treatment (incremental odds ratio, 0.32 [95% CrI 0.13 to 0.93]). The risk of bias was low for the randomisation process, missing outcome data, or selection of reported results in most of the included studies, uncertain for deviation from intended interventions, and high for measurement of outcomes. There was moderate to high heterogeneity among the studies and their components. 511
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2. |
- Guerova, G., et al.
(author)
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National Status Reports
- 2020
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In: Advanced GNSS Tropospheric Products for Monitoring Severe Weather Events and Climate. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783030139001 ; , s. 403-481
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In this section a summary of the national progress reports is given. GNSS4SWEC Management Committee (MC) members provided outline of the work conducted in their countries combining input from different partners involved. In the COST Action paticipated member from 32 COST countries, 1 Near Neighbour Country and 8 Intrantional Partners from Australia, Canada, Hong Kong and USA. The text reflects the state as of 1 January 2018.
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3. |
- Ramonet, M., et al.
(author)
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The fingerprint of the summer 2018 drought in Europe on ground-based atmospheric CO 2 measurements : Atmospheric CO 2 anomaly
- 2020
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In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8436 .- 1471-2970. ; 375:1810
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- During the summer of 2018, a widespread drought developed over Northern and Central Europe. The increase in temperature and the reduction of soil moisture have influenced carbon dioxide (CO 2) exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems in various ways, such as a reduction of photosynthesis, changes in ecosystem respiration, or allowing more frequent fires. In this study, we characterize the resulting perturbation of the atmospheric CO 2 seasonal cycles. 2018 has a good coverage of European regions affected by drought, allowing the investigation of how ecosystem flux anomalies impacted spatial CO 2 gradients between stations. This density of stations is unprecedented compared to previous drought events in 2003 and 2015, particularly thanks to the deployment of the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) network of atmospheric greenhouse gas monitoring stations in recent years. Seasonal CO 2 cycles from 48 European stations were available for 2017 and 2018. Earlier data were retrieved for comparison from international databases or national networks. Here, we show that the usual summer minimum in CO 2 due to the surface carbon uptake was reduced by 1.4 ppm in 2018 for the 10 stations located in the area most affected by the temperature anomaly, mostly in Northern Europe. Notwithstanding, the CO 2 transition phases before and after July were slower in 2018 compared to 2017, suggesting an extension of the growing season, with either continued CO 2 uptake by photosynthesis and/or a reduction in respiration driven by the depletion of substrate for respiration inherited from the previous months due to the drought. For stations with sufficiently long time series, the CO 2 anomaly observed in 2018 was compared to previous European droughts in 2003 and 2015. Considering the areas most affected by the temperature anomalies, we found a higher CO 2 anomaly in 2003 (+3 ppm averaged over 4 sites), and a smaller anomaly in 2015 (+1 ppm averaged over 11 sites) compared to 2018. This article is part of the theme issue 'Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale'.
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4. |
- Guseva, S., et al.
(author)
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Variable Physical Drivers of Near-Surface Turbulence in a Regulated River
- 2021
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In: Water resources research. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 0043-1397 .- 1944-7973. ; 57:11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Inland waters, such as lakes, reservoirs and rivers, are important sources of climate forcing trace gases. A key parameter that regulates the gas exchange between water and the atmosphere is the gas transfer velocity, which itself is controlled by near-surface turbulence in the water. While in lakes and reservoirs, near-surface turbulence is mainly driven by atmospheric forcing, in shallow rivers and streams it is generated by bottom friction of gravity-forced flow. Large rivers represent a transition between these two cases. Near-surface turbulence has rarely been measured in rivers and the drivers of turbulence have not been quantified. We analyzed continuous measurements of flow velocity and quantified turbulence as the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy over the ice-free season in a large regulated river in Northern Finland. Measured dissipation rates agreed with predictions from bulk parameters, including mean flow velocity, wind speed, surface heat flux, and with a one-dimensional numerical turbulence model. Values ranged from to . Atmospheric forcing or gravity was the dominant driver of near-surface turbulence for similar fraction of the time. Large variability in near-surface dissipation rate occurred at diel time scales, when the flow velocity was strongly affected by downstream dam operation. By combining scaling relations for boundary-layer turbulence at the river bed and at the air-water interface, we derived a simple model for estimating the relative contributions of wind speed and bottom friction of river flow as a function of depth.Plain Language SummaryInland water bodies such as lakes, reservoirs and rivers are an important source of climate forcing trace gases to the atmosphere. Gas exchange between water and the atmosphere is regulated by the gas transfer velocity and the concentration difference between the water surface and the atmosphere. The gas transfer velocity depends on near-surface turbulence, but robust formulations have not been developed for river systems. Their surface area is sufficiently large for meteorological forcing to cause turbulence, as in lakes and reservoirs, but turbulence generated from bed and internal friction of gravity-driven flows is also expected to contribute. Here we quantify near-surface turbulence using data from continuous air and water side measurements conducted over the ice-free season in a large subarctic regulated river in Finland. We find that turbulence, quantified as the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy, is well described using equations for predicting turbulence from meteorological data for sufficiently high wind speeds whereas the contribution from bottom shear dominated at higher flow velocities. A one-dimensional river model successfully captured these processes. We provide a fundamental model for estimating the relative contributions of atmospheric forcing and bottom friction as a function of depth.
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5. |
- Karyotaki, Eirini, et al.
(author)
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Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression : A Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Network Meta-analysis
- 2021
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In: JAMA psychiatry. - : American Medical Association. - 2168-6238 .- 2168-622X. ; 78:4, s. 361-371
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- IMPORTANCE: Personalized treatment choices would increase the effectiveness of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) for depression to the extent that patients differ in interventions that better suit them.OBJECTIVE: To provide personalized estimates of short-term and long-term relative efficacy of guided and unguided iCBT for depression using patient-level information.DATA SOURCES: We searched PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo, and Cochrane Library to identify randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published up to January 1, 2019.STUDY SELECTION: Eligible RCTs were those comparing guided or unguided iCBT against each other or against any control intervention in individuals with depression. Available individual patient data (IPD) was collected from all eligible studies. Depression symptom severity was assessed after treatment, 6 months, and 12 months after randomization.DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: We conducted a systematic review and IPD network meta-analysis and estimated relative treatment effect sizes across different patient characteristics through IPD network meta-regression.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores.RESULTS: Of 42 eligible RCTs, 39 studies comprising 9751 participants with depression contributed IPD to the IPD network meta-analysis, of which 8107 IPD were synthesized. Overall, both guided and unguided iCBT were associated with more effectiveness as measured by PHQ-9 scores than control treatments over the short term and the long term. Guided iCBT was associated with more effectiveness than unguided iCBT (mean difference [MD] in posttreatment PHQ-9 scores, -0.8; 95% CI, -1.4 to -0.2), but we found no evidence of a difference at 6 or 12 months following randomization. Baseline depression was found to be the most important modifier of the relative association for efficacy of guided vs unguided iCBT. Differences between unguided and guided iCBT in people with baseline symptoms of subthreshold depression (PHQ-9 scores 5-9) were small, while guided iCBT was associated with overall better outcomes in patients with baseline PHQ-9 greater than 9.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this network meta-analysis with IPD, guided iCBT was associated with more effectiveness than unguided iCBT for individuals with depression, benefits were more substantial in individuals with moderate to severe depression. Unguided iCBT was associated with similar effectiveness among individuals with symptoms of mild/subthreshold depression. Personalized treatment selection is entirely possible and necessary to ensure the best allocation of treatment resources for depression.
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