| 1. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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Peacebuilding and spatial transformation : Peace, space and place
- 2017
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- This book investigates peacebuilding in post-conflict scenarios by analysing the link between peace, space and place. By focusing on the case studies of Cyprus, Kosovo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Northern Ireland and South Africa, the book provides a spatial reading of agency in peacebuilding contexts. It conceptualises peacebuilding agency in post-conflict landscapes as situated between place (material locality) and space (the imaginary counterpart of place), analysing the ways in which peacebuilding agency can be read as a spatial practice. Investigating a number of post-conflict cases, this book outlines infrastructures of power and agency as they are manifested in spatial practice. It demonstrates how spatial agency can take the form of conflict and exclusion on the one hand, but also of transformation towards peace over time on the other hand. Against this background, the book argues that agency drives place-making and space-making processes. Therefore, transformative processes in post-conflict societies can be understood as materialising through the active use and transformation of space and place. This book will be of interest to students of peacebuilding, peace and conflict studies, human geography and IR in general.
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| 2. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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Spaces of Peace
- 2021
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Ingår i: The Oxford Handbook of Peacebuilding, Statebuilding, and Peace Formation. - : Oxford University Press. - 9780190904418 - 9780197576410 ; , s. 139-151
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter shows that war-making and peace-making “take place” and that sometimes the legacy of conflict obscures manifestations of peacebuilding. The analysis of a “bridge that divides” in the city of Mitrovica in northern Kosovo and a “wall that unites” in Belfast, Northern Ireland, casts light on the benefits that a spatial reading of peace can provide to understand the ways in which spatial infrastructures are lived by the people who use them. The process of space-making (the generation of meanings from a material location) will help explain the agency that emerges by the creators, users, and inhabitants of (post)conflict spaces.
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| 3. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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The Creation of Transnational Memory Spaces : Professionalization and Commercialization
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0891-4486 .- 1573-3416. ; 32:4, s. 383-401
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the age of globalization, local memories of past violence are often dislocated from their material places as remembrance is transpiring in transnational memory spaces. Historical events and commemorative memory practices increasingly transcend national boundaries and change the way memories of historical violence, atrocity, and genocide are represented in the transnational memoryscape. This article explores how the professionalization and commercialization of museums and memorials of genocide and crimes against humanity are modes of “making the past present” and “the local global”. Furthermore, professionalization and commercialization are processes through which local memories are translated into global discourses that are comprehensible to and recognizable by a global audience. In this article, we disentangle local memory places (understood as material, physical sites) from transnational memory spaces (understood as immaterial, ideational spaces) in order to investigate the transformation of local places of memory into transnational spaces of memory. At the same time, we show that, while these processes are often understood interchangeably, professionalization and commercialization are separate mechanisms and tend to be used strategically to translate memory discourses to specific audiences. These two processes can be seen as producing a standardized memorial site and a homogenization of memory in the transnational memory space. The article illustrates this theoretical reasoning with empirical findings from fieldwork in South Africa, where we zoom in on Robben Island outside Cape Town, and Bosnia-Herzegovina, where we focus on the Galerija 11/07/95 in Sarajevo, which commemorates the atrocities committed in Srebrenica in 1995.
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| 4. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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The Emerging EU Peacebuilding Framework: Confirming or Transcending Liberal Peacebuilding
- 2011
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Ingår i: Cambridge Review of International Affairs. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0955-7571 .- 1474-449X. ; 24:3, s. 449-469
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The EU is now emerging as a major actor in regional and global peacebuilding. The EU does not perceive conflict as endemic, and develops its policy on the basis that conflict is eminently resolvable if structural issues, needs, social injustice, and inequality are addressed. Yet its peacebuilding project is subject to some significant and familiar contradictions. We identify the basis for what may become a ‘EU peacebuilding framework’ (EUPF), and argue that while it aspires to a ‘just and durable peace’ including practical tools and a normative framework, these need to be set in critical relief. Recent research on developing a more sophisticated form of locally relevant peacebuilding (in contradistinction to the evolving, global ‘peacebuilding consensus’ and statebuilding project) indicates significant issues with the EU’s emerging approach.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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The spatial dimensions of statebuilding
- 2019
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Ingår i: Handbook on Intervention and Statebuilding. - 9781788116237 - 9781788116220 ; , s. 210-219
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 7. |
- Forde, Susan, et al.
(författare)
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Peacebuilding, Structural Violence and Spatial Reparations in Post-Colonial South Africa
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1750-2977 .- 1750-2985. ; 15:3, s. 327-346
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Peacebuilding approaches have placed emphasis on the restoration of political relationships and symbolic notions of community reconciliation, paying limited attention to the material causes of violence. In South Africa, the historical structural economic violence has been maintained, and after the formal end of apartheid, a lack of equitable distribution of resources is ongoing. This article conceptually and empirically argues that distributive justice measures are a way of compensating those affected by structural economic violence and addressing structural inequalities. Spatial reparations, we argue, could support readjustment of the socio-economic causes and consequences of violence in conjunction with promoting social justice.
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| 8. |
- Kappler, Stefanie, et al.
(författare)
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Working with the cultural heritage of conflict for peacebuilding: Lessons learned from the Western Balkans
- 2021
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Violent conflicts often leave a legacy of destroyed, ruptured or segregated political landscapes. Accordingly, engaging the cultural heritage that emerges from periods of violence is a key factor for the construction of durable and inclusive peace. Many of the great challenges faced by conflict-affected societies are reflected in the politics around cultural heritage as it can be instrumentalised for war and peace alike, making it imperative for local, national and international stakeholders to engage with cultural heritage as a component of peacebuilding processes.This discussion paper provides a deeper understanding of the role of cultural heritage in conflict-affected societies and, specifically, the Western Balkans. The paper examines how narratives and practices around cultural heritage can be developed to foster social cohesion and dialogue, and seeks to demonstrate how divisive uses of cultural heritage can be transformed in a way that is conducive to peace.Using examples from Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH) and Kosovo, the paper maps and identifies key cultural heritage sites and spaces that reflect a variety of cultural heritage narratives and practices in relation to peace processes. Tangible heritage including museums, memorials, plaques and religious buildings are discussed alongside intangible heritage including art installations and monuments. In particular, the role of local actors as anchors in cultural heritage processes is discussed, and attention is given to the gendered and intersectional power dynamics (re)produced through cultural heritage. Further, cultural heritage pedagogiesare discussed as instruments to rectify divisive propaganda and build bridges between multiple narratives, including the recognition of multi-layered histories and memories. Digitisation processes, it is argued, can be part of such pedagogies, mitigating or ameliorating processes of exclusion. Further, the role of cultural heritage as an income-generating factor is considered, not only in terms of its political significance but also in terms of its role in addressing economic marginalisation. Further, the paper identifies and warns against potential gaps between external notions of reconciliation and local requests for justice. Finally, the paper demonstrates that by reading the material landscape of post-conflict societies through both the presence and absence of tangible cultural heritage, it is possible to gain a deeper understanding of local power dynamics.Based on this analysis, the paper draws out a number of key recommendations to the European Union’s engagement in the field of cultural heritage and peacebuilding:1) Any cultural heritage work should be anchored in the work that local heritage actors are already doing.2) Not all cultural heritage is equal. There is a need to consider which heritage has been historically privileged and why, as well as how these privileges translate into the present. 3) The frictions around cultural heritage can be successfully addressed through work with educational actors.4) Cultural heritage work should be considered as a potential income-generating factor in contexts of deprivation.5) Digital opportunities for heritage transformation should be considered.6) Cultural heritage interventions should not impose external notions of reconciliation but instead engage with the diversity of local requirements. 7) Cultural heritage work should be sensitive to the multiple layering of history.8) A spatial analysis of presences and absences in the post-conflict landscape should be conducted to understand processes of exclusion and inclusion.
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| 9. |
- Richmond, Oliver P., et al.
(författare)
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The 'Field' in the Age of Intervention: Power, Legitimacy, and Authority Versus the 'Local'
- 2015
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Ingår i: Millennium. - : SAGE Publications. - 0305-8298. ; 44:1, s. 23-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article highlights the semantic and socio-political meaning of the 'field' as it is used in both academic research and policy practices: as a geographic and material space related to forms of intervention in International Relations (IR), and not as a disciplinary space. We argue that the notion of the field' carries colonial baggage in terms of denoting 'backwardness' and conflictual practices, as well as legitimising the need for intervention by peacebuilding, statebuilding, and development actors located outside the field. We also show how academic practices have tended to create a semiotic frame in which the inhabitants of the research and intervention space are kept at a distance from the researcher, and discursively stripped of their agency. Along similar lines, policy-practice has reinforced the notion of the field as being in need of intervention, making it subject to external control. This article suggests that the agency of the inhabitants of the field has to be re-cognised and de-colonised so that political legitimacy can be recovered from 'intervention'.
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