| 1. |
- Johannes, Schmidt, et al.
(författare)
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Potential of biomass-fired combined heat and power plants considering the spatial distribution of biomass supply and heat demand
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Energy Research. - : Wiley. - 0363-907X .- 1099-114X. ; 34:11, s. 970-985
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Combined heat and power (CHP) plants fired by forest wood can significantly contribute to attaining the target of increasingthe share of renewable energy production. However, the spatial distribution of biomass supply and of heat demand limits thepotentials of CHP production. This article assesses CHP potentials using a mixed integer programming model that optimizeslocations of bioenergy plants. Investment costs of district heating infrastructure are modeled as a function of heat demanddensities, which can differ substantially. Gasification of biomass in a combined cycle process is assumed as productiontechnology. Some model parameters have a broad range according to a literature review. Monte-Carlo simulations havetherefore been performed to account for model parameter uncertainty in our analysis. The model is applied to assess CHPpotentials in Austria. Optimal locations of plants are clustered around big cities in the east of the country. At current powerprices, biomass-based CHP production allows producing around 3% of the total energy demand in Austria. Yet, the heatutilization decreases when CHP production increases due to limited heat demand that is suitable for district heating.Production potentials are most sensitive to biomass costs and power prices.
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| 2. |
- Leduc, Sylvain, et al.
(författare)
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CHP or biofuel production in Europe?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier. - 1876-6102. - 9781627484299 ; 20, s. 40-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, the opportunity to invest in combined heat and power (CHP) plants and second-generation biofuel production plants in Europe is investigated. To determine the number and type of production plants, a mixed integer linear model is used, based on minimization of the total cost of the whole supply chain. Different policy scenarios are studied with varying values of carbon cost and biofuel support. The study focuses on the type of technology to invest in and the CO2 emission substitution potential, at constant energy prices. The CHP plants and the biofuel production plants are competing for the same feedstock (forest biomass), which is available in limited quantities. The results show that CHP plants are preferred over biofuel production plants at high carbon costs (over 50 EUR/tCO2) and low biofuel support (below 10 EUR/GJ), whereas more biofuel production plants would be set up at high biofuel support (over 15 EUR/GJ), irrespective of the carbon cost. Regarding the CO2 emission substitution potential, the highest potential can be reached at a high carbon cost and low biofuel support. It is concluded that there is a potential conflict of interest between policies promoting increased use of biofuels, and policies aiming at decreased CO2 emissions.
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| 3. |
- Lundmark, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Projekt: Storskalig utbyggnad av bioraffinaderier: Nya värdekedjor, produkter och effektivt utnyttjande av skoglig biomassa
- 2016
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Utvecklingen av kommersiella bioraffinaderikoncept är av strategisk betydelse för Sveriges utveckling till en biobaserad ekonomi. Bioraffinaderier bidrar till att ersätta fossila med biobaserade råvaror. Dessutom bidrar de till en smartare användning av biomassa, ökat förädlingsvärde samt utvecklingspotentialen av nya bioprodukter. Tekniska potentialer och industriella tillämpningar sammanlänkas med råvaruförsörjning samt marknads-, innovations- och policyaspekter. Projektet är tvärvetenskapligt och omfattar integration av modeller som kan redogöra för samspelet mellan olika sektorer, som inkluderar geografiska variationer av utbud och efterfrågan av skoglig biomassa, och som kan fånga effekterna av förändrade marknadsvillkor och styrmedel. För modellintegrationen kommer verktyg tas fram för att underlätta kommunikation och återkoppling mellan de ingående modellerna. Projektet syftar till att generera ny kunskap och ett modellramverk för avancerade systemanalyser relaterade till (i) den svenska biomassa och dess roll i ett hållbart energisystem och (ii) industriell omvandling av processindustrin i riktning mot ett framtida bioraffinaderi branschen. Genomförandefasen bygger på tre uppgiftsområden.
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| 4. |
- Patrizio, Piera, et al.
(författare)
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Killing two birds with one stone : a negative emissions strategy for a soft landing of the US coal sector
- 2019
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Ingår i: Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage. - : Elsevier. ; , s. 219-236
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a modeling study, optimizing the transformation of the US coal sector to achieve emissions reductions consistent with the 2°C target, we include all current coal-fired power plants of the US fleet, a large part of which will need to be replaced due to their high age. Coal-fired power plants can either be (1) replaced by higher efficiency coal plants or (2) natural gas plants while units are not yet at the end of their lifetime and can be (3) retrofitted with carbon capture and storage (CCS) or (4) retrofitted to cofire coal and biomass coupled with CCS (BECCS) thereby achieving negative emissions. Our results show that if the 2°C emissions mitigation target should be achieved, the cost-optimal way of doing so is through an early implementation of BECCS. This strategy also helps to address the US Administrations’ concern for coal workers: there is a more gradual phaseout of coal, which allows to retain 40,000 jobs that would be loss due to the fleet retirement for aging. In addition, 22,000 new workers would be permanently employed in the coal sector by the end of midcentury, especially in areas where the deployments of BECCS would start already by 2030. Our modeling results indicate the Great Lakes area and the southeast United States as the greatest winners of this negative emissions strategy. If planned in an integrated and forward-looking way, climate change mitigation can boost employment and competitiveness.
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| 5. |
- Patrizio, Piera, et al.
(författare)
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Reducing US Coal Emissions Can Boost Employment
- 2018
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Ingår i: Joule. - : Elsevier. - 2542-4351. ; 2:12, s. 2633-2648
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Concerns have been voiced that implementing climate change mitigation measures could come at the cost of employment, especially in the context of the US coal sector. However, repurposing US coal plants presents an opportunity to address emission mitigation and job creation, if the right technology change is adopted. In this study, the transformation of the US coal sector until 2050 is modeled to achieve ambitious climate targets. Results show that the cost-optimal strategy for meeting 2050 emission reductions consistent with 2°C stabilization pathways is through the early deployment of BECCS and by replacing 50% of aging coal plants with natural gas plants. This strategy addresses the concerns surrounding employment for coal workers by retaining 40,000 jobs, and creating 22,000 additional jobs by mid-century. Climate change mitigation does not have to come at the cost of employment, and policymakers could seek to take advantage of the social co-benefits of mitigation.
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| 6. |
- Schmidt, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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Biofuel Production in Austria Considering the Use of Waste Heat : a Study on Costs and Potentials of Greenhouse Gas Reduction
- 2009
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Ingår i: Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Agrarökonomie. - 1815-1027. ; 18:3, s. 107-116
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Die Biotreibstoffproduktion mit Technologien der zweiten Generationverspricht geringere Treibhausgasemissionen im Vergleich zu Technologiender ersten Generation. Die Kosten, Emissionen und optimaleStandorte von Biomassekraftwerken, die diese neuen Technologienverwenden, werden mit Hilfe eines linearen Integer- Optimierungsmodellsfür Österreich abgeschätzt. Holz aus der Forstproduktion undvon Kurzumtriebsanlagen geht als biogener Rohstoff in das Modell ein.Einnahmen durch den Verkauf der Nebenprodukte Wärme, Strom undBiogas, die in der Treibstoffproduktion entstehen, werden ebenfallsberücksichtigt. Die Modellresultate zeigen, dass der Ausstoß vonTreibhausgasemissionen in Österreich durch den Einsatz von Biotreibstoffenum 2%-3,5% verringert werden kann. Allerdings ist nur dieFermentierungstechnologie in der Lage, Treibstoffe zu konkurrenzfähigenKosten zu produzieren, weil höhere Erlöse durch den Verkaufder Nebenprodukte erzielt werden können.
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| 7. |
- Schmidt, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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Cost-effective CO2 emission reduction through heat, power and biofuel production from woody biomass : A spatially explicit comparison of conversion technologies
- 2010
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 87:7, s. 2128-2141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bioenergy is regarded as cost-effective option to reduce CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Among newly developed biomass conversion technologies are biomass integrated gas combined cycle plants (BIGCC) as well as ethanol and methanol production based on woody biomass feedstock. Further-more, bioenergy systems with carbon capture and storage (BECS) may allow negative CO2 emissions in the future. It is still not clear which woody biomass conversion technology reduces fossil CO2 emissions at least costs. This article presents a spatial explicit optimization model that assesses new biomass conversion technologies for fuel, heat and power production and compares them with woody pellets for heat production in Austria. The spatial distributions of biomass supply and energy demand have significant impact on the total supply costs of alternative bioenergy systems and are therefore included in the modeling process. Many model parameters that describe new bioenergy technologies are uncertain, because some of the technologies are not commercially developed yet. Monte-Carlo simulations are used to analyze model parameter uncertainty. Model results show that heat production with pellets is to be preferred over BIGCC at low carbon prices while BECS is cost-effective to reduce CO2 emissions at higher carbon prices. Fuel production - methanol as well as ethanol - reduces less CO2 emissions and is therefore less cost-effective in reducing CO2 emissions.
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| 8. |
- Schmidt, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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Potentials for biomass fired combined heat and power plants considering the spatial distribution of biomass supply and heat demand : an Austrian case study
- 2009
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants fired by forest wood can significantly contribute toattaining the target of increasing the share of renewable energy production. However, the spatialdistribution of biomass supply and of heat demand limit the potentials of CHP production. Thispaper assesses CHP potentials using a mixed integer programming model that optimizes locationsof bioenergy plants. Investment costs of district heating infrastructure are modeled as a functionof heat demand densities, which can differ substantially. Gasification of biomass in a combinedcycle process is assumed as production technology. Some model parameters have a broad rangeaccording to a literature review. Monte-Carlo simulations have therefore been performed toaccount for model parameter uncertainty in our analysis. The model is applied to assess CHPpotentials in Austria. Optimal locations of plants are clustered around big cities in the East of the country. At current power prices, biomass based CHP production allows producing around 3% ofthe total energy demand in Austria. Yet, the heat utilization decreases when CHP productionincreases due to limited heat demand that is suitable for district heating. Production potentials aremost sensitive to power prices, biomass costs and biomass availability.
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| 9. |
- Wetterlund, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal localisation of biofuel production on a European scale
- 2012
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 41:1, s. 462-472
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the development and use of an optimisation model suitable for analysis of biofuel production scenarios in the EU, with the aim of examining second generation biofuel production. Two policy instruments are considered - targeted biofuel support and a CO2 cost. The results show that over 3% of the total transport fuel demand can be met by second generation biofuels at a cost of approximately 65-73 EUR/MWh. With current energy prices, this demands biofuel support comparable to existing tax exemptions (around 30 EUR/MWh), or a CO2 cost of around 60 EUR/t(CO2). Parameters having large effect on biofuel production include feedstock availability, fossil fuel price and capital costs. It is concluded that in order to avoid suboptimal energy systems, heat and electricity applications should also be included when evaluating optimal bioenergy use. It is also concluded that while forceful policies promoting biofuels may lead to a high biofuel share at reasonable costs, this is not a certain path towards maximised CO2 emission mitigation. Policies aiming to promote the use of bioenergy thus need to be carefully designed in order to avoid conflicts between different parts of the EU targets for renewable energy and CO2 emission mitigation. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Wetterlund, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal localisation of next generation biofuel production in Sweden
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- With a high availability of lignocellulosic biomass and various types of cellulosic by-products, as well as a large number of industries, Sweden is a country of great interest for future large scale production of sustainable, next generation biofuels. This is most likely also a necessity as Sweden has the ambition to be independent of fossil fuels in the transport sector by the year 2030 and completely fossil free by 2050. In order to reach competitive biofuel production costs, plants with large production capacities are likely to be required. Feedstock intake capacities in the range of about 1-2 million tonnes per year, corresponding to a biomass feed of 300-600 MW, can be expected, which may lead to major logistical challenges. To enable expansion of biofuel production in such large plants, as well as provide for associated distribution requirements, it is clear that substantial infrastructure planning will be needed. The geographical location of the production plant facilities is therefore of crucial importance and must be strategic to minimise the transports of raw material as well as of final product. Competition for the available feedstock, from for example forest industries and CHP plants (combined heat and power) further complicates the localisation problem. Since the potential for an increased biomass utilisation is limited, high overall resource efficiency is of great importance. Integration of biofuel production processes in existing industries or in district heating systems may be beneficial from several aspects, such as opportunities for efficient heat integration, feedstock and equipment integration, as well as access to existing experience and know-how.This report describes the development of BeWhere Sweden, a geographically explicit optimisation model for localisation of next generation biofuel production plants in Sweden. The main objective of developing such a model is to be able to assess production plant locations that are robust to varying boundary conditions, in particular regarding energy market prices, policy instruments, investment costs, feedstock competition and integration possibilities with existing energy systems. This report also presents current and future Swedish biomass resources as well as a compilation of three consistent future energy scenarios.BeWhere is based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) and is written in the commercial software GAMS, using CPLEX as a solver. The model minimises the cost of the entire studied system, including costs and revenues for biomass harvest and transportation, production plants, transportation and delivery of biofuels, sales of co-products, and economic policy instruments. The system cost is minimised subject to constraints regarding, for example, biomass supply, biomass demand, import/export of biomass, production plant operation and biofuel demand. The model will thus choose the least costly pathways from one set of feedstock supply points to a specific biofuel production plant and further to a set of biofuel demand points, while meeting the demand for biomass in other sectors.BeWhere has previously been developed by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria and Luleå University of Technology and has been used in several studies on regional and national levels, as well as on the European level. However, none of the previous model versions has included site-specific conditions in existing industries as potential locations for industrially integrated next generation biofuel production. Furthermore, they also usually only consider relatively few different production routes. In this project, bottom-up studies of integrated biofuel production have been introduced into a top-down model and taken to a higher system level, and detailed, site-specific input data of potential locations for integrated biofuel production has been included in the model.This report covers the first stages of model development of BeWhere Sweden. The integration possibilities have been limited to the forest industry and a few district heating networks, and the feedstocks to biomass originating from the forest. The number of biofuel production technologies has also been limited to three gasification-based concepts producing DME, and two hydrolysis- and fermentation-based concepts producing ethanol. None of the concepts considered is yet commercial on the scale envisioned here.Preliminary model runs have been performed, with the main purpose to identify factors with large influence on the results, and to detect areas in need of further development and refinement. Those runs have been made using a future technology perspective but with current energy market conditions and biomass supply and demand. In the next stage of model development different roadmap scenarios will be modelled and analysed. Three different roadmap scenarios that describe consistent assessments of the future development concerning population, transport and motor fuel demands, biomass resources, biomass demand in other industry sectors, energy and biomass market prices etc. have been constructed within this project and are presented in this report. As basis for the scenarios the report “Roadmap 2050” by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been used, using 2030 as a target year for the scenarios. Roadmap scenario 1 is composed to resemble “Roadmap 2050” Scenario 1. Roadmap scenario 2 represents an alternative development with more protected forest and less available biomass resources, but a larger amount of biofuels in the transport system, partly due to a higher transport demand compared to Roadmap scenario 1. Finally Roadmap scenario 3 represents a more “business as usual” scenario with more restrictive assumptions compared to the other two scenarios.In total 55 potential biofuel plant sites have been included at this stage of model development. Of this 32 sites are pulp/paper mills, of which 24 have chemical pulp production (kraft process) while eight produce only mechanical pulp and/or paper. Seven of the pulp mills are integrated with a sawmill, and 18 additional stand-alone sawmills are also included, as are five district heating systems. The pulp and paper mills and sawmills are included both as potential biofuel plant sites, as biomass demand sites regarding wood and bioenergy, and as biomass supply sites regarding surplus by-products. District heating systems are considered both regarding bioenergy demand and as potential plant sites.In the preliminary model runs, biofuel production integrated in chemical pulp mills via black liquor gasification (BLG) was heavily favoured. The resulting total number of required production plants and the total biomass feedstock volumes to reach a certain biofuel share target are considerably lower when BLG is considered. District heating systems did not constitute optimal plant locations with the plant positions and heat revenue levels assumed in this study. With higher heat revenues, solid biomass gasification (BMG) with DME production was shown to be potentially interesting. With BLG considered as a production alternative, however, extremely high heat revenues would be needed to make BMG in district heating systems competitive.The model allows for definition of biofuel share targets for Sweden overall, or to be fulfilled in each county. With targets set for Sweden overall, plant locations in the northern parts of Sweden were typically favoured, which resulted in saturation of local biofuel markets and no biofuel use in the southern parts. When biofuels needed to be distributed to all parts of Sweden, the model selected a more even distribution of production plants, with plants also in the southern parts. Due to longer total transport distances and non-optimal integration possibilities, the total resulting system cost was higher when all counties must fulfil the biofuel share target. The total annual cost to fulfil a certain biofuel target would also be considerably higher without BLG in the system, as would the total capital requirement. This however presumes that alternative investments would otherwise be undertaken, such as investments in new recovery boilers. Without alternative investments the difference between a system with BLG and a system without BLG would be less pronounced.In several cases the model located two production plants very close to each other, which would create a high biomass demand on a limited geographic area. The reason is that no restrictions on transport volumes have yet been implemented in the model. Further, existing onsite co-operations between for example sawmills and pulp mills have not always been captured by the input data used for this report, which can cause the consideration of certain locations as two separate plant sites, when in reality they are already integrated. It is also important to point out that some of the mill specific data (obtained from the Swedish Forest Industries Federation’s environmental database) was identified to contain significant errors, which could affect the results related to the plant allocations suggested in this report.Due to the early model development stage and the exclusion of for example many potential production routes and feedstock types, the model results presented in this report must be considered as highly preliminary. A number of areas in need of supplementing have been identified during the work with this report. Examples are addition of more industries and plant sites (e.g. oil refineries), increasing the number of other production technologies and biofuels (e.g. SNG, biogas, methanol and synthetic diesel), inclusion of gas distribution infrastructures, and explicit consideration of import and export of biomass and biofuel. Agricultural residues and energy crops for biogas production are also considered to be a very important and interesting completion to the model. Furthermore, inclusion of inte
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