| 1. |
- Andersson, Malin, et al.
(författare)
-
Electrochemical model-based aging-adaptive fast charging of automotive lithium-ion cells
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fast charging of electric vehicles remains a compromise between charging time and degradation penalty. Conventional battery management systems use experience-based charging protocols that are expected to meet vehicle lifetime goals. Novel electrochemical model-based battery fast charging uses a model to observe internal battery states. This enables control of charging rates based on states such as the lithium-plating potential but relies on an accurate model as well as accurate model parameters. However, the impact of battery degradation on the model’s accuracy and therefore the fitness of the estimated optimal charging procedure is often not considered. In this work, we therefore investigate electrochemical model-based aging-adaptive fast charging of automotive lithium-ion cells. First, an electrochemical model is identified at the beginning of life for 6 automotive prototype cells and the electrochemically constrained fast-charge is designed. The model parameters are then periodically re-evaluated during a cycling study and the charging procedure is updated to account for cell degradation. The proposed method is compared with two reference protocols to investigate both the effectiveness of selected electrochemical constraints as well as the benefit of aging-adaptive usage. Finally, post-mortem characterization is presented to highlight the benefit of aging-adaptive battery utilization.
|
|
| 2. |
- Andersson, Malin, et al.
(författare)
-
p Parametrization of physics-based battery models from input-output data : A review of methodology and current research
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Power Sources. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7753 .- 1873-2755. ; 521, s. 230859-
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Physics-based battery models are important tools in battery research, development, and control. To obtain useful information from the models, accurate parametrization is essential. A complex model structure and many unknown and hard-to-measure parameters make parametrization challenging. Furthermore, numerous applications require non-invasive parametrization relying on parameter estimation from measurements of current and voltage. Parametrization of physics-based battery models from input-output data is a growing research area with many recent publications. This paper aims to bridge the gap between researchers from different fields that work with battery model parametrization, since successful parametrization requires both knowledge of the underlying physical system as well as understanding of theory and concepts behind parameter estimation. The review encompasses sensitivity analyses, methods for parameter optimization, structural and practical identifiability analyses, design of experiments and methods for validation as well as the use of machine learning in parametrization. We highlight that not all model parameters can accurately be identified nor are all relevant for model performance. Nonetheless, no consensus on parameter importance could be shown. Local methods are commonly chosen because of their computational advantages. However, we find that the implications of local methods for analysis of non-linear models are often not sufficiently considered in reviewed literature.
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Gupta, Priyank, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
-
Layer-Resolved Mechanical Degradation of a Ni-Rich Positive Electrode
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Batteries. - : MDPI AG. - 2313-0105. ; 9:12, s. 575-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of electrochemical aging on the mechanical properties of electrodes in lithium-ion batteries are challenging to measure and are largely unknown. Mechanochemical degradation processes occur at different scales within an electrode and understanding the correlation between the degradation of mechanical properties, electrochemical aging, and morphological changes is crucial for mitigating battery performance degradation. This paper explores the evolution of mechanical and electrochemical properties at the layer level in a Ni-rich positive electrode during the initial stages of electrochemical cycling. The investigation involves complementary cross-section analyses aimed at unraveling the connection between observed changes on both macroscopic and microscopic scales. The macroscopic constitutive properties were assessed using a U-shaped bending test method that had been previously developed. The compressive modulus exhibited substantial dependency on both the porous structure and binder properties. It experienced a notable reduction with electrolyte wetting but demonstrated an increase with cycling and aging. During the initial stages of aging, electrochemical impedance spectra revealed increased local resistance near the particle–electrolyte interface. This is likely attributable to factors such as secondary particle grain separation and the redistribution of carbon black. The swelling of particles, compression of the binder phase, and enhanced particle contact were identified as probable factors adding to the elevation of the elastic modulus within the porous layer as a result of cycling.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Klett, Matilda, et al.
(författare)
-
Altered electrode degradation with temperature in LiFePO4/mesocarbon microbead graphite cells diagnosed with impedance spectroscopy
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Electrochimica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-4686 .- 1873-3859. ; 141, s. 173-181
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Electrode degradation in LiFePO4 / mesocarbon microbead graphite (MCMB) pouch cells aged at 55 °C by a synthetic hybrid drive cycle or storage is diagnosed and put into context with previous results of aging at 22 °C. The electrode degradation is evaluated by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), measured separately on electrodes harvested from the cells, and by using a physics-based impedance model for aging evaluation. Additional capacity measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) are used in the evaluation. At 55 °C the LiFePO4 electrode shows increased particle/electronic conductor resistance, for both stored and cycled electrodes. This differs from results obtained at 22 °C, where the electrode suffered lowered porosity, particle fracture, and loss of active material. For graphite, only cycling gave a sustained effect on electrode performance at 55 °C due to lowered porosity and changes of surface properties, and to greater extent than at low temperature. Furthermore, increased current collector resistance also contributes to a large part of the pouch cell impedance when aged at increased temperatures. The result shows that increased temperature promotes different degradation on the electrode level, and is an important implication for high temperature accelerated aging. In light of the electrode observations, the correlation between full-cell and electrode impedances is discussed.
|
|
| 7. |
- Klett, Matilda
(författare)
-
Electrochemical Studies of Aging in Lithium-Ion Batteries
- 2014
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Lithium-ion batteries are today finding use in automobiles aiming at reducing fuel consumption and emissions within transportation. The requirements on batteries used in vehicles are high regarding performance and lifetime, and a better understanding of the interior processes that dictate energy and power capabilities is a key to strategic development. This thesis concerns aging in lithium-ion cells using electrochemical tools to characterize electrode and electrolyte properties that affect performance and performance loss in the cells. A central difficulty regarding battery aging is to manage the coupled effects of temperature and cycling conditions on the various degradation processes that determine the lifetime of a cell. In this thesis, post-mortem analyses on harvested electrode samples from small pouch cells and larger cylindrical cells aged under different conditions form the basis of aging evaluation. The characterization is focused on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements and physics-based EIS modeling supported by several material characterization techniques to investigate degradation in terms of properties that directly affect performance. The results suggest that increased temperature alter electrode degradation and limitations relate in several cases to electrolyte transport. Variations in electrode properties sampled from different locations in the cylindrical cells show that temperature and current distributions from cycling cause uneven material utilization and aging, in several dimensions. The correlation between cell performance and localized utilization/degradation is an important aspect in meeting the challenges of battery aging in vehicle applications. The use of in-situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging to directly capture the development of concentration gradients in a battery electrolyte during operation is successfully demonstrated. The salt diffusion coefficient and transport number for a sample electrolyte are obtained from Li+ concentration profiles using a physics-based mass-transport model. The method allows visualization of performance limitations and can be a useful tool in the study of electrochemical systems.
|
|
| 8. |
- Klett, Matilda, et al.
(författare)
-
Non-uniform aging of cycled commercial LiFePO4//graphite cylindrical cells revealed by post-mortem analysis
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Power Sources. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7753 .- 1873-2755. ; 257, s. 126-137
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aging of power-optimized commercial 2.3 Ah cylindrical LiFePO4//graphite cells to be used in hybrid electric vehicle is investigated and compared for three different aging procedures; (i) using a simulated hybrid electric vehicle cycle within a narrow SOC-range, (ii) using a constant-current cycle over a 100% SOC-range, and (iii) stored during three years at 22 degrees C. Postmortem analysis of the cells is performed after full-cell electrochemical characterization and discharge. EIS and capacity measurements are made on different parts of the disassembled cells. Material characterization includes SEM, EDX, HAXPES/XPS and XRD. The most remarkable result is that both cycled cells displayed highly uneven aging primarily of the graphite electrodes, showing large differences between the central parts of the jellyroll compared to the outer parts. The aging variations are identified as differences in capacity and impedance of the graphite electrode, associated with different SEI characteristics. Loss of cyclable lithium is mirrored by a varying degree of lithiation in the positive electrode and electrode slippage. The spatial variation in negative electrode degradation and utilization observed is most likely connected to gradients in temperature and pressure, that can give rise to current density and potential distributions within the jellyroll during cycling. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 9. |
- Klett, Matilda, et al.
(författare)
-
Quantifying mass transport during polarization in a Li Ion battery electrolyte by in situ 7Li NMR imaging
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 134:36, s. 14654-14657
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Poor mass transport in the electrolyte of Li ion batteries causes large performance losses in high-power applications such as vehicles, and the determination of transport properties under or near operating conditions is therefore important. We demonstrate that in situ 7Li NMR imaging in a battery electrolyte can directly capture the concentration gradients that arise when current is applied. From these, the salt diffusivity and Li + transport number are obtained within an electrochemical transport model. Because of the temporal, spatial, and chemical resolution it can provide, NMR imaging will be a versatile tool for evaluating electrochemical systems and methods.
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
