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- Berne, Sofia, 1977, et al.
(author)
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Appearance-Related Cyberbullying: A Qualitative Investigation of Characteristics, Content, Reasons, and Effects
- 2014
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In: Body image. - : Elsevier BV. - 1740-1445. ; 11:4, s. 527-533
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study was to explore 15-year-old adolescents’ experiences of appearance-related cyberbullying. Twenty-seven adolescents participated in four focus groups. The adolescents in this study perceived that it is common to be targeted in appearance-related cyberbullying, especially for girls, and that appearance-related cyberbullying is considered to be a potent strategy when attempting to hurt girls. Girls often received comments about being fat, while among boys, it was common to receive comments about looking or seeming “gay.” According to the adolescents, an important reason for engaging in appearance-related cyberbullying was to attain higher social status in the peer group. The girls and boys reacted differently to appearance-related cyberbullying. Boys tended to act out or take no offence, while girls experienced lower self-esteem and feelings of depression. Findings in this study contribute to research on cyberbullying as well as to research on girls’ body esteem development.
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| 2. |
- Berne, Sofia, 1977, et al.
(author)
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Negative appearance related comments on the internet - A form of cyberbullying
- 2013
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In: 16th European Conference on Developmental Psychology Lausanne, September 3-7, 2013.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Background. We found in a previous study that many pupils believed that cyberbullying often is directed at the victim’s appearance, especially when girls are cybervictims (Frisén, Berne, & Lunde, in press). Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate what kind of negative appearance related comments pupils receive on the internet and in what forums. Method. Fifty-one pupils, age 10 and 15, participated in 8 focus groups, divided by gender and age. Results. The results showed that many of the pupils often received negative appearance related comments. The most common forums for negative appearance related comments where different social networking sites, such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Chats and Blogs. Girls reported that they were more likely than boys to receive negative appearance related comments. However, many boys were also targeted. Concerning what kind of negative appearance related comments the pupils received on the internet, several of the pupils reported that they received negative comments about their weight and especially obesity. This can be illustrated by one of the ten year old girl’s examples of comments you might get on the internet: “skinny, you should eat more, we don´t want to see you”, or “hi fatso, lose weight”. Another recurring theme mentioned by the pupils was that the negative comments concerned their clothes and make up. It was also common that facial features (e.g., nose and teeth) on uploaded photos were commented in various maliciously ways. Conclusion. This study showed that many of the pupils received negative appearance related comments about their appearance and body, especially about their weight, clothes and make up. The most common places for these comments where different social networking sites. Reference Frisén, A., Berne, S., & Lunde, C. (in press). Cybervictimization and body esteem: Experiences of Swedish children and adolescents. European Journal of Developmental Psychology.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Gyberg, Fanny, 1983, et al.
(author)
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Identitet och kön
- 2020
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In: I A. Frisén & P. Hwang (Red:er, 2:a utg.) Ungdomar och identitet. - Stockholm : Natur och Kultur. - 9789127827738 ; , s. 93-116
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Kling, Johanna, 1986
(author)
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Appearance and gender role norms in emerging adulthood
- 2016
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The overall aim of the two studies included in this thesis was to investigate appearance and gender role norms among emerging adults. Study I aimed to explore young women’s perceptions of and conformity to feminine norms, using a mixed-methods approach. In the first part of Study I, the psychometric properties of the Conformity to Feminine Norms Inventory 45 (CFNI-45) were evaluated in Swedish women (n = 317, mean age = 21.3 years), and the women’s degree of conformity to feminine norms was examined. In the second part of Study I, four focus groups with young women were conducted. Thematic analyses confirmed that the norms conceptualized in CFNI-45 are present in Swedish society. However, results also indicated that the norms were not considered equally important to conform to in order to be feminine, with norms related to appearance being the most salient. The aim of Study II was to examine appearance investment as a prospective predictor of young men’s endorsement and pursuit of appearance ideals. A sample of 187 young men participated at ages 21 and 24 years. Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that appearance investment was a prospective predictor of increases in leanness orientation, internalization of appearance ideals, and muscularity-related behaviors. However, appearance investment did not predict increases in muscularity dissatisfaction. In sum, the two studies point to the conclusion that the societal flow of messages about how to look does not leave young women and men unaffected. Instead, many emerging adults engage in various strategies to achieve the gendered appearance ideals of today’s Western society.
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| 7. |
- Kling, Johanna, 1986
(author)
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Being at home in one's body. Body image in light of identity development
- 2019
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Although the importance of the body to people’s identities has long been theoretically inferred, research linking body image and identity development is scarce. The objective of this thesis was to address this research gap by exploring body image from an identity perspective. Study I aimed to examine how trajectories of body image development from early adolescence to emerging adulthood are related to young people’s sense of identity. A community sample participated from the age of 10 years (N = 967, 53% females) to the age of 24 (N = 542, 56% females). Results of Study I indicated that body image development is connected to sense of identity in emerging adulthood, such that individuals in trajectories with more negative body image displayed less identity coherence. Results also indicated that girls and women (particularly those with higher body mass index) are more likely to display disadvantageous development in terms of more negative body image and more identity problems. The aim of Study II was to explore the many ways in which people might experience their bodies as salient to their identities. Young adults (N = 121, 51% women; community sample) were interviewed, and a thematic analysis of the interviews identified four main themes: (1) identification with the body, (2) body functionality in performing identity-relevant tasks, (3) appearance and identity in social interactions, and (4) identity-relevant bodily engagement. Both positive and negative ways in which the body is salient to identity were described within all four themes, and descriptions highlighted functionality, embodied experiences, and social environments. Gender differences were generally not found, with one exception: more women than men described experiences of identifying with their bodies. Study III was performed in two parts with the aim of exploring the sociocultural context in which both body image and identity are formed. This was done by investigating young Swedish women’s perceptions of and conformity to feminine norms. In Part 1, a community sample of 317 young women participated in a cross-national comparison, showing that Swedish women generally display less gender role norm conformity than do their counterparts in Canada, the USA, and Slovakia. In Part 2, a focus group study conveyed a more nuanced picture of feminine norms, by showing that even though traditional gender roles might be less pronounced in Sweden, gender role conformity is still a pressing issue. Specifically, appearance norms were considered the most important feminine norms to conform to. In conclusion, the thesis supports theoretical notions of a connection between body image and identity. It also shows that this connection can be experienced in both positive and negative ways and that more women than men experience both negative body image and identification with their bodies, highlighting the importance of the sociocultural context. Furthermore, the thesis opens up the possibility of a new theoretical approach by including and discussing body image as part of developmental psychology in general and identity theory in particular. In this way, the thesis not only offers innovative results about the connection between body image and identity development, but is also of theoretical importance.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Kling, Johanna, 1986, et al.
(author)
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Experiences of appearance conversations among young people living with a visible difference
- 2024
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In: BODY IMAGE. - 1740-1445 .- 1873-6807. ; 49
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Stigmatisation surrounding having a visible difference to the face or body may have a marked impact on how young people communicate about appearance. The aim of our study was therefore to explore the experiences of appearance conversations among young people living with a visible difference. Interviews were conducted with 32 young people (mean age 14.1 years; 67.7% girls), with a condition resulting in a visible difference (e.g., craniofacial condition or scarring). Using reflexive thematic analysis, we identified three themes. Importance of Safety and Understanding reflects the importance of feeling safe in order to be able to talk about appearance. Participants described appearance conversations as often originating in their need for emotional support or practical assistance when encountering difficulties (Conversations When in Need of Support), but appearance was also experienced as a sensitive topic that was difficult to talk about (Avoiding Appearance Conversations). Our results highlight the importance of creating spaces where young people with a visible difference feel safe to bring up the topic of appearance when in need of support. Elements that facilitate such conversations include others having knowledge about the condition and having one's feelings and experiences validated instead of minimised.
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| 10. |
- Kling, Johanna, 1986, et al.
(author)
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Identitet, kropp och sexualitet
- 2020
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In: Ann Frisén & Philip Hwang (red.) Ungdomar och identitet - Andra reviderade utgåvan. - Stockholm : Natur och Kultur. - 9789127827738 ; , s. 149-173
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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