| 1. |
- Kumar, Shailesh, et al.
(författare)
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Multifunctional Antioxidants : Regenerable Radical-Trapping and Hydroperoxide-Decomposing Ebselenols
- 2016
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Ingår i: Angewandte Chemie International Edition. - : Wiley. - 1433-7851 .- 1521-3773. ; 55:11, s. 3729-3733
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Regenerable, multifunctional ebselenol antioxidants were prepared that could quench peroxyl radicals more efficiently than -tocopherol. These compounds act as better mimics of the glutathione peroxidase enzymes than ebselen. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in human mononuclear cells was considerably decreased upon exposure to the organoselenium compounds. At a concentration of 25m, the ebselenol derivatives showed minimal toxicity in pre-osteoblast MC3T3cells.
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| 2. |
- Engman, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Thioredoxin reductase and cancer cell growth inhibition by organogold(III) compounds
- 2006
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Ingår i: Anti-Cancer Drugs. - 0959-4973 .- 1473-5741. ; 17:5, s. 539-544
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thioredoxin (Trx) expression is increased in several human primary cancers associated with aggressive tumor growth and decreased patient survival, and the Trx/Trx reductase (TrxR) system therefore provides an attractive target for cancer drug development. Various gold(III) compounds with none, one, two or three carbon-gold bonds were evaluated for their capacity to inhibit TrxR and the growth of MCF-7 cancer cells in vitro. Compounds with up to two carbon-gold bonds were often potent inhibitors of TrxR with IC50 values as low as 2 nmol/l. In the presence of Trx and insulin the inhibiting capacity was much lower. However, the inhibitory concentrations of the compounds did not correlate with the ability to kill cells. Out of the organometallics tested, only compound 8 with two carbon-gold bonds was able to inhibit colony formation by MCF-7 breast cancer cells at low micromolar concentrations (IC50=1,6umol/l). Unfortunately, the compound did not show any anti-tumor activity against MCF-7 breast cancer and HT-29 colon cancer zenografts in scid mice.
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| 3. |
- Kumar, Sangit, et al.
(författare)
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Antioxidant Profile of Ethoxyquin and Some of Its S, Se, and Te Analogues
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Organic Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-3263 .- 1520-6904. ; 72:16, s. 6046-6055
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- (Chemical Equation Presented) 6-(Ethylthio)-, 6-(ethylseleno)-, and 6-(ethyltelluro)-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline-three heavier chalcogen analogues of ethoxyquin-were prepared by dilithiation of the corresponding 6-bromodihydroquinoline followed either by treatment with the corresponding diethyl dichalcogenide (sulfur derivative) or by insertion of selenium/tellurium into the carbon-lithium bond, oxidation to a diaryl dichalcogenide, borohydride reduction, and finally alkylation of the resulting areneselenolate/ arenetellurolate. Ethoxyquin, its heavier chalcogen analogues, and the corresponding 6-PhS, 6-PhSe, and 6-PhTe derivatives were assayed for both their chain-breaking antioxidant capacity and their ability to catalyze reduction of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of a thiol reducing agent (thiol peroxidase activity). Ethoxyquin itself turned out to be the best inhibitor of azo-initiated peroxidation of linoleic acid in a water/chlorobenzene two-phase system. In the absence of N-acetylcysteine as a coantioxidant in the aqueous phase, it inhibited peroxidation as efficiently as α-tocopherol but with a more than 2-fold longer inhibition time. In the presence of 0.25 mM coantioxidant in the aqueous phase, the inhibition time was further increased by almost a factor of 2. This is probably due to thiol-mediated regeneration of the active antioxidant across the lipid-aqueous interphase. The ethyltelluro analogue 1d of ethoxyquin was a similarly efficient quencher of peroxyl radicals compared to the parent in the two-phase system, but less regenerable. Ethoxyquin was found to inhibit azo-initiated oxidation of styrene in the homogenous phase (chlorobenzene) almost as efficiently (k inh = (2.0 ± 0.2) × 106 M-1 s -1) as α-tocopherol with a stoichiometric factor n = 2.2 ± 0.1. At the end of the inhibition period, autoxidation was additionally retarded, probably by ethoxyquin nitroxide formed during the course of peroxidation. The N-H bond dissociation enthalpy of ethoxyquin (81.3 ± 0.3 kcal/mol) was determined by a radical equilibration method using 2,6-dimethoxyphenol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol as equilibration partners. Among the investigated compounds, only the tellurium analogues 1d and, less efficiently, 1g had a capacity to catalyze reduction of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of thiophenol. Therefore, analogue 1d is the only antioxidant which is multifunctional (chain-breaking and preventive) in character and which can act in a truly catalytic fashion to decompose both peroxyl radicals and organic hydroperoxides in the presence of suitable thiol reducing agents.
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| 4. |
- Kumar, Sangit, et al.
(författare)
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Catalytic Chain-Breaking Pyridinol Antioxidants
- 2008
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Ingår i: Organic Letters. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1523-7060 .- 1523-7052. ; 10:21, s. 4895-4898
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When assayed for their capacity to inhibit azo-initiated peroxidation of linoleic acid in a water/chlorobenzene two-phase system, tellurium-containing 3-pyridinols were readily regenerable by N-acetylcysteine contained in the aqueous phase. The best inhibitors quenched peroxyl radicals more efficiently than alpha-tocopherol, and the duration of inhibition was limited only by the availability of the thiol reducing agent. The compounds were also found to catalyze reduction of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of thiol reducing agent.
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| 5. |
- Kumar, Sangit, et al.
(författare)
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Catalytic Chain-Breaking Pyridinol Antioxidants
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Organic Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-3263 .- 1520-6904. ; 75:3, s. 716-725
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The synthesis of 3-pyridinols carrying alkyltelluro, alkylseleno, and alkylthio groups is described together with a detailed kinetic, thermodynamic, and mechanistic Study of their antioxidant activity. When assayed for their capacity to inhibit azo-initiated peroxidation of linoleic acid in a water/chlorobenzene two-phase system, tellurium-containing 3-pyridinols were readily regenerable by N-acetylcysteine contained in the aqueous phase. The best inhibitors quenched peroxyl radicals more efficiently than alpha-tocopherol, and the duration of inhibition was limited only by the availability of the thiol reducing agent. fn homogeneous phase, inhibition of styrene autoxidation absolute rate constants k(inh) for quenching of peroxyl radical were as large as 1 x 10(7) M-1 s(-1), thus Outperforming the best phenolic antioxidants including alpha-tocopherol. Tellurium-containing 3-pyridinols could be quantitatively regenerated in homogeneous phase by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl cysteine methyl ester, a lipid-soluble analogue of N-acetylcysteine. In the presence of an excess of the thiol, a catalytic mode of action was observed, similar to the one in the two-phase system. Overall, compounds bearing the alkyltelluro moiety ortho to the OH group were much more effective antioxidants than the corresponding para isomers. The origin of the high reactivity of these compounds was explored using pulse-radiolysis thermodynamic measurements, and a mechanism for their unusual antioxidant activity was proposed. The tellurium-containing 3-pyridinols were also found to catalyze reduction of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of thiol reducing agents, thereby acting as multifunctional (preventive and chain-breaking) catalytic antioxidants.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Kumar, Sangit, et al.
(författare)
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Regenerable Chain-Breaking 2,3-Dihydrobenzo[b]selenophene-5-ol Antioxidants
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Organic Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-3263 .- 1520-6904. ; 72:7, s. 2583-2595
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A series of 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]selenophene-5-ol antioxidants was prepared by subjecting suitably substituted allyl 4-methoxyphenyl selenides to microwave-induced seleno-Claisen rearrangement/intramolecular Markovnikov hydroselenation followed by boron tribromide-induced O-demethylation. The novel antioxidants were assayed for their capacity to inhibit azo-initiated peroxidation of linoleic acid in a water/chlorobenzene two-phase system containing N-acetylcysteine as a thiol reducing agent in the aqueous phase. Antioxidant efficiency as determined by the inhibited rate of peroxidation, Rinh, increased with increasing methyl substitution (Rinh = 46−26 μM/h), but none of the compounds could match α-tocopherol (Rinh = 22 μM/h). Regenerability as determined by the inhibition time, Tinh, in the presence of the thiol regenerating agent decreased with increasing methyl substitution. Thus, under conditions where the unsubstituted compound 5a inhibited peroxidation for more than 320 min, α-tocopherol worked for 90 min and the trimethylated antioxidant 5g for 60 min only. Sampling of the aqueous phase at intervals during peroxidation using antioxidant 5a showed that N-acetylcysteine was continuously oxidized with time to the corresponding disulfide. In the absence of the regenerating agent, compounds 5 inhibited peroxidation for 50−60 min only. A (RO)B3LYP/LANL2DZdp//B3LYP/LANL2DZ model was used for the calculation of homolytic O−H bond dissociation enthalpies (BDE) and adiabatic ionization potentials (IP) of phenolic antioxidants 5. Both BDE (80.6−76.3 kcal/mol) and IP (163.2−156.0 kcal/mol) decrease with increasing methyl substitution. The phenoxyl radical corresponding to phenol 5g gave an intense ESR signal centered at g = 2.0099. The H−O bond dissociation enthalpy of the phenol was determined by a radical equilibration method using BHA as an equilibration partner. The observed BDE (77.6 ± 0.5 kcal/mol) is in reasonable agreement with calculations (76.3 kcal/mol). As judged by calculated log P values, the lipophilicity of compounds 5 increased slightly when methyl groups were introduced into the phenolic moiety (2.9 > C log P < 4.2). The capacity of compounds 5a (kinh = 3.8 × 105 M-1 s-1) and 5g (kinh = 1.5 × 106 M-1 s-1) to inhibit azo-initiated autoxidation of styrene in the homogeneous phase (chlorobenzene) was also studied. More efficient regeneration at the lipid−aqueous interphase is the most likely explanation why the intrinsically poorest antioxidant 5a can outperform its analogues as well as α-TOC in the two-phase system. Possible mechanisms of regeneration are discussed and evaluated.
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| 8. |
- Lu, Jun, et al.
(författare)
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Ebsulfur is a benzisothiazolone cytocidal inhibitor targeting the trypanothione reductase of Trypanosoma brucei
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 288:38, s. 27456-27468
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Trypanosoma brucei is the causing agent of African trypanosomiasis. These parasites possess a unique thiol redox system required for DNA synthesis and defense against oxidative stress. It includes trypanothione and trypanothione reductase (TryR) instead of the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems of mammalian hosts. Here, we show that the benzisothiazolone compound ebsulfur (EbS), a sulfur analogue of ebselen, is a potent inhibitor of T. brucei growth with a favorable selectivity index over mammalian cells. EbS inhibited the TryR activity and decreased non-protein thiol levels in cultured parasites. The inhibition of TryR by EbS was irreversible and NADPH-dependent. EbS formed a complex with TryR and caused oxidation and inactivation of the enzyme. EbS was more toxic for T. brucei than for Trypanosoma cruzi, probably due to lower levels of TryR and trypanothione in T. brucei. Furthermore, inhibition of TryR produced high intracellular reactive oxygen species. Hydrogen peroxide, known to be constitutively high in T. brucei, enhanced the EbS inhibition of TryR. The elevation of reactive oxygen species production in parasites caused by EbS induced a programmed cell death. Soluble EbS analogues were synthesized and cured T. brucei brucei infection in mice when used together with nifurtimox. Altogether, EbS and EbS analogues disrupt the trypanothione system, hampering the defense against oxidative stress. Thus, EbS is a promising lead for development of drugs against African trypanosomiasis.
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