| 1. |
- Bohli, Jens-Mathias, et al.
(author)
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Selective Decryption of Outsourced IoT Data
- 2015
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In: 2015 IEEE 2nd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT). - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Communications Society. ; , s. 739-744
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Outsourcing of IoT-data is a common concept when using third-party services, e.g. an external building management service is given access to the building's sensor measurements. However, the measurements captured from building systems often need to be protected from unauthorized access, because they are linked to persons, processes or business secrets, and therefore data protection requirements apply. Nevertheless, due to the large data volumes, external storage is desirable from a business perspective. We propose the concept of a Security Broker based on symmetric encryption schemes. It offers a key management scheme to flexibly create short decryption keys for time intervals or specific ranges of measurement values. We further show how the scheme can be generalized or a combination of the schemes can be applied. We implemented a prototype in Java and analyzed its performance. The evaluation proved the mechanism's applicability for mainstream applications running on off-the-shelf computing equipment.
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| 2. |
- Kurpatov, Roman, et al.
(author)
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Enabling complex building energy visualization by integrative event-driven data provisioning
- 2015
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In: 2015 International Conference and Workshops on Networked Systems (NetSys). - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Communications Society. - 9781479958047
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Constantly increasing energy efficiency requirements for buildings call for top-quality systems and services for optimizing the building energy life cycle. The deep integration of ICT systems in heterogeneous building environment demands new approaches, advanced technical algorithms and sophisticated tools. In this paper we introduce our Intelligent Energy Management Platform (INTELLEM), an integrative solution for monitoring, analyzing and visualizing energy performance across multiple buildings. We verified our architectural approach by implementing a prototype capturing real data streams of considerable volume over a prolonged period of time, proving that our event-driven approach ensures the responsiveness of the whole system. We implemented a rich Web-interface for visualization, comprising a set of components for comprehensive analysis of building energy performance.
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| 3. |
- Schmidt, Mischa, et al.
(author)
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Cyber-Physical System for Energy-Efficient Stadium Operation: Methodology and Experimental Validation
- 2018
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In: ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 2378-962X .- 2378-9638. ; 2:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The environmental impacts of medium to large scale buildings receive substantial attention in research,industry, and media. This paper studies the energy savings potential of a commercial soccer stadium duringday-to-day operation. Buildings of this kind are characterized by special purpose system installations likegrass heating systems and by event-driven usage patterns. This work presents a methodology to holisticallyanalyze the stadium’s characteristics and integrate its existing instrumentation into a Cyber-PhysicalSystem, enabling to deploy different control strategies flexibly. In total, seven different strategies for controllingthe studied stadium’s grass heating system are developed and tested in operation. Experiments inwinter season 2014/2015 validated the strategies’ impacts within the real operational setup of the CommerzbankArena, Frankfurt, Germany. With 95% confidence, these experiments saved up to 66% of mediandaily weather-normalized energy consumption. Extrapolated to an average heating season, this correspondsto savings of 775 MWh and 148 t of CO2 emissions. In winter 2015/2016 an additional predictive nighttimeheating experiment targeted lower temperatures, which increased the savings to up to 85%, equivalent to1 GWh (197 t CO2) in an average winter. Beyond achieving significant energy savings, the different controlstrategies also met the target temperature levels to the satisfaction of the stadium’s operational staff. Whilethe case study constitutes a significant part, the discussions dedicated to the transferability of this workto other stadiums and other building types show that the concepts and the approach are of general nature.Furthermore, this work demonstrates the first successful application of Deep Belief Networks to regress andpredict the thermal evolution of building systems.
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| 4. |
- Schmidt, Mischa, et al.
(author)
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Energy Efficiency Gains in Daily Grass Heating Operation of Sports Facilities through Supervisory Holistic Control
- 2015
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In: Buildsys'15. - New York : ACM Digital Library. - 9781450339810 - 9781450339810 ; , s. 85-94
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In recent reflections on environmental impacts of buildings, medium to large scale sports stadiums have gained substantial attention. These stadiums of e.g. professional soccer teams are characterized by special system installations like grass heating systems serving the crucial commercial asset(s) and by event-driven usage patterns. Public buildings of this size imply situation-specific operational modes combined with high levels of safety and comfort requirements. In this paper we provide experimental verification of the energy savings potential of a professional soccer stadium's grass heating system during day-to-day operation. Our supervisory holistic control based on state of the art information and communication technology (ICT) is verified by seven experiments which we executed within the real operational setup of the Commerzbank Arena in Frankfurt, Germany. Our experiments operated different control strategies of increasing complexity. In winter 2014/2015 we achieved weather normalized energy savings of more than 56% compared to the last heating season. In an average heating season this would amount to savings of approximately 780 MWh and 150 t CO2$. At the same time we violated minimum temperature targets less than 6% of the time. These results stress the feasibility and benefits of applying holistic context-aware control strategies to large scale legacy consumption systems using supervisory ICT platforms. We demonstrate significant efficiency improvements and establish a new energy baseline that future control strategy evolutions will have to benchmark against.
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| 5. |
- Schmidt, Mischa, et al.
(author)
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Predictability of energy characteristics for cooling, ventilation and heating systems in sports facilities
- 2015
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In: I2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT). - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Communications Society. - 9781479917853
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper we analyze operational energy data of the cooling, ventilation and heating systems of the professional soccer stadium Commerzbank Arena in Frankfurt, Germany. We analyze data collected over a six month period in 2014 statistically and show that depending on the stadium's operational context consumption patterns vary largely among the different systems resulting in very different behaviors. The results provide insights into what drives the energy consumption for different systems of a large commercial sports facility: the static heating system is purely dependent on outside air temperature, ventilation exhibits a pronounced daily consumption pattern irrespective of the temperature and cooling is driven by a combination of event operation and air temperature. These insights will allow us to predict, plan and balance the energy demands of different subsystems more accurately, resulting in energetic improvements of the stadium operation in the form of load shedding while maintaining the systems' service levels.
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| 6. |
- Schmidt, Mischa, et al.
(author)
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The Energy Efficiency Problematics in Sports Facilities : Identifying Savings in Daily Grass Heating Operation
- 2015
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In: Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Sixth International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems. - New York : ACM Digital Library. - 9781450334556 ; , s. 189-197
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recently, reflections on modern sports stadiums' environmental impacts have gained substantial attention. Large-scale stadiums of e.g. professional soccer teams are characterized by having installations of grass heating systems serving the crucial commercial asset and at the same being the sub-system with the highest yearly thermal energy consumption. Public buildings of this size imply situation-specific operational modes combined with high levels of safety and comfort requirements. In this paper we provide a first study on the energy savings potential of a professional soccer stadium's grass heating system during day-to-day operation. In practice, limited heating capacities of the arena have to be adhered to, which causes the current operation to often result in under-performance of other, less critical facility units. Our analysis of dynamic operational and contextual data serves as foundation for long-term energy efficiency measures. We study relevant parameters related to the current control schemes and the stadium's context. Concretely, the grass root temperature as critical observable is studied with respect to weather conditions and the resulting thermal behavior. We provide an improved control strategy and quantify the anticipated savings of this strategy to be as high as 34% compared to the last heating season. For the future, the documented thermal characteristics will enable the formulation of more advanced control strategies to positively influence the grass heating operation. This will lead to further improvements in balancing the heating demand across all thermal facility sub-systems by integrating operational context with forecasts of the thermal behavior in the future.
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