| 1. |
- Chazot, Nicolas, et al.
(author)
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Conserved ancestral tropical niche but different continental histories explain the latitudinal diversity gradient in brush-footed butterflies
- 2021
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In: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 12:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The global increase in species richness toward the tropics across continents and taxonomic groups, referred to as the latitudinal diversity gradient, stimulated the formulation of many hypotheses to explain the underlying mechanisms of this pattern. We evaluate several of these hypotheses to explain spatial diversity patterns in a butterfly family, the Nymphalidae, by assessing the contributions of speciation, extinction, and dispersal, and also the extent to which these processes differ among regions at the same latitude. We generate a time-calibrated phylogeny containing 2,866 nymphalid species (~45% of extant diversity). Neither speciation nor extinction rate variations consistently explain the latitudinal diversity gradient among regions because temporal diversification dynamics differ greatly across longitude. The Neotropical diversity results from low extinction rates, not high speciation rates, and biotic interchanges with other regions are rare. Southeast Asia is also characterized by a low speciation rate but, unlike the Neotropics, is the main source of dispersal events through time. Our results suggest that global climate change throughout the Cenozoic, combined with tropical niche conservatism, played a major role in generating the modern latitudinal diversity gradient of nymphalid butterflies.
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| 2. |
- Chazot, Nicolas, et al.
(author)
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Contrasting patterns of Andean diversification among three diverse clades of Neotropical clearwing butterflies
- 2018
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In: Ecology and Evolution. - : Wiley. - 2045-7758. ; 8:8, s. 3965-3982
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Neotropical region is the most biodiverse on Earth, in a large part due to the highly diverse tropical Andean biota. The Andes are a potentially important driver of diversification within the mountains and for neighboring regions. We compared the role of the Andes in diversification among three subtribes of Ithomiini butterflies endemic to the Neotropics, Dircennina, Oleriina, and Godyridina. The diversification patterns of Godyridina have been studied previously. Here, we generate the first time-calibrated phylogeny for the largest ithomiine subtribe, Dircennina, and we reanalyze a published phylogeny of Oleriina to test different biogeographic scenarios involving the Andes within an identical framework. We found common diversification patterns across the three subtribes, as well as major differences. In Dircennina and Oleriina, our results reveal a congruent pattern of diversification related to the Andes with an Andean origin, which contrasts with the Amazonian origin and multiple Andean colonizations of Godyridina. In each of the three subtribes, a clade diversified in the Northern Andes at a faster rate. Diversification within Amazonia occurred in Oleriina and Godyridina, while virtually no speciation occurred in Dircennina in this region. Dircennina was therefore characterized by higher diversification rates within the Andes compared to non-Andean regions, while in Oleriina and Godyridina, we found no difference between these regions. Our results and discussion highlight the importance of comparative approaches in biogeographic studies.
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| 3. |
- Chazot, Nicolas, et al.
(author)
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Into the Andes : multiple independent colonizations drive montane diversity in the Neotropical clearwing butterflies Godyridina
- 2016
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In: Molecular Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0962-1083 .- 1365-294X. ; 25:22, s. 5765-5784
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Understanding why species richness peaks along the Andes is a fundamental question in the study of Neotropical biodiversity. Several biogeographic and diversification scenarios have been proposed in the literature, but there is confusion about the processes underlying each scenario, and assessing their relative contribution is not straightforward. Here, we propose to refine these scenarios into a framework which evaluates four evolutionary mechanisms: higher speciation rate in the Andes, lower extinction rates in the Andes, older colonization times and higher colonization rates of the Andes from adjacent areas. We apply this framework to a species-rich subtribe of Neotropical butterflies whose diversity peaks in the Andes, the Godyridina (Nymphalidae: Ithomiini). We generated a time-calibrated phylogeny of the Godyridina and fitted time-dependent diversification models. Using trait-dependent diversification models and ancestral state reconstruction methods we then compared different biogeographic scenarios. We found strong evidence that the rates of colonization into the Andes were higher than the other way round. Those colonizations and the subsequent local diversification at equal rates in the Andes and in non-Andean regions mechanically increased the species richness of Andean regions compared to that of non-Andean regions (‘species-attractor’ hypothesis). We also found support for increasing speciation rates associated with Andean lineages. Our work highlights the importance of the Andean slopes in repeatedly attracting non-Andean lineages, most likely as a result of the diversity of habitats and/or host plants. Applying this analytical framework to other clades will bring important insights into the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the most species-rich biodiversity hotspot on the planet.
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| 4. |
- Espeland, Marianne, et al.
(author)
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Combining target enrichment and Sanger sequencing data to clarify the systematics of the diverse Neotropical butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
- 2023
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In: Systematic Entomology. - 0307-6970. ; 48:4, s. 498-570
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The diverse, largely Neotropical subtribe Euptychiina is widely regarded as one of the most taxonomically challenging groups among all butterflies. Over the last two decades, morphological and molecular studies have revealed widespread paraphyly and polyphyly among genera, and a comprehensive, robust phylogenetic hypothesis is needed to build a firm generic classification to support ongoing taxonomic revisions at the species level. Here, we generated a dataset that includes sequences for up to nine nuclear genes and the mitochondrial COI ‘barcode’ for a total of 1280 specimens representing 449 described and undescribed species of Euptychiina and 39 out-groups, resulting in the most complete phylogeny for the subtribe to date. In combination with a recently developed genomic backbone tree, this dataset resulted in a topology with strong support for most branches. We recognize eight major clades that each contain two or more genera, together containing all but seven Euptychiina genera. We provide a summary of the taxonomy, diversity and natural history of each clade, and discuss taxonomic changes implied by the phylogenetic results. We describe nine new genera to accommodate 38 described species: Lazulina Willmott, Nakahara & Espeland, gen.n., Saurona Huertas & Willmott, gen.n., Argentaria Huertas & Willmott, gen.n., Taguaiba Freitas, Zacca & Siewert, gen.n., Xenovena Marín & Nakahara, gen.n., Deltaya Willmott, Nakahara & Espeland, gen.n., Modica Zacca, Casagrande & Willmott, gen.n., Occulta Nakahara & Willmott, gen.n., and Trico Nakahara & Espeland, gen.n. We also synonymize Nubila Viloria, Andrade & Henao, 2019 (syn.n.) with Splendeuptychia Forster, 1964, Macrocissia Viloria, Le Crom & Andrade, 2019 (syn.n.) with Satyrotaygetis Forster, 1964, and Rudyphthimoides Viloria, 2022 (syn.n.) with Malaveria Viloria & Benmesbah, 2020. Overall, we revised the generic placement of 79 species (74 new generic combinations and five revised combinations), and as a result all but six described species of Euptychiina are accommodated within 70 named, monophyletic genera. For all newly described genera, we provide illustrations of representative species, drawings of wing venation and male and (where possible) female genitalia, and distribution maps, and summarize the natural history of the genus. For three new monotypic genera, Occulta gen.n., Trico gen.n. and Xenovena gen.n. we provide a taxonomic revision with a review of the taxonomy of each species and data from examined specimens. We provide a revised synonymic list for Euptychiina containing 460 valid described species, 53 subspecies and 255 synonyms, including several new synonyms and reinstated species.
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| 5. |
- Freitas, André Victor Lucci, et al.
(author)
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'Species' from two different butterfly genera combined into one : Description of a new genus of Euptychiina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with unusually variable wing pattern
- 2016
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In: Revista Brasileira de Entomologia. - : FapUNIFESP (SciELO). - 0085-5626. ; 60:2, s. 157-165
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sepona Freitas and Barbosa, gen. nov. is proposed for the Neotropical satyrine butterfly species Euptychia punctata Weymer, 1911 and its junior subjective synonyms Euptychia griseola Weymer, 1911 and Taygetis indecisa Ribeiro, 1931. The new genus has a distinctive wing pattern and shape of the valvae in the male genitalia, the latter being a unique autapomorphy within the subtribe Euptychiina. Based on molecular data, this genus is not sister to any other single euptychiine genus, instead appearing as the sister to all remaining genera in the Taygetis clade. The present paper illustrates the complexity of the taxonomy of Euptychiina, and the importance of using different sources of evidence in taxonomic studies.
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| 6. |
- Lisa De-Silva, Donna, et al.
(author)
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North Andean origin and diversification of the largest ithomiine butterfly genus
- 2017
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In: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Neotropics harbour the most diverse flora and fauna on Earth. The Andes are a major centre of diversification and source of diversity for adjacent areas in plants and vertebrates, but studies on insects remain scarce, even though they constitute the largest fraction of terrestrial biodiversity. Here, we combine molecular and morphological characters to generate a dated phylogeny of the butterfly genus Pteronymia (Nymphalidae: Danainae), which we use to infer spatial, elevational and temporal diversification patterns. We first propose six taxonomic changes that raise the generic species total to 53, making Pteronymia the most diverse genus of the tribe Ithomiini. Our biogeographic reconstruction shows that Pteronymia originated in the Northern Andes, where it diversified extensively. Some lineages colonized lowlands and adjacent montane areas, but diversification in those areas remained scarce. The recent colonization of lowland areas was reflected by an increase in the rate of evolution of species' elevational ranges towards present. By contrast, speciation rate decelerated with time, with no extinction. The geological history of the Andes and adjacent regions have likely contributed to Pteronymia diversification by providing compartmentalized habitats and an array of biotic and abiotic conditions, and by limiting dispersal between some areas while promoting interchange across others.
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| 7. |
- Peña, Carlos, et al.
(author)
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Revision of the butterfly genus Forsterinaria Gray, 1973 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
- 2005
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In: Revista peruana de Biología. ; 12:1, s. 5-48
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A taxonomic review of the Neotropical satyrine butterfly genus Forsterinaria Gray is presented herein, including a discussion of the classification and geographical distribution of its component species, illustrations of the adults of all taxa and the male genitalia of all species, and descriptions of 12 new species and two new subspecies: Forsterinaria antje sp. n., F. coipa sp. n., F. enjuerma sp. n., F. falcata sp. n., F. guaniloi sp. n., F. itatiaia sp. n., F. pallida sp. n., F. pallida aurita ssp. n., F. pichita sp. n., F. pilosa sp. n., F. punctata sp. n., F. pyrczi sp. n., F. rotunda sp. n., and F. rustica glendita ssp. n. Euptychia stelligera Butler, and E. fabiana Butler are sunk as synonyms (syn. n.) of Forsterinaria quantius (Godart). Euptychia magdalena Hayward, and E. pseudonecys Strand are sunk as synonyms (syn. n.) of F. inornata (C. Felder & R. Felder), and F. necys (Godart), respectively. Lectotypes are designated for 14 nominal taxa. A total of 23 species are recognized. A key for the identification of all taxa is presented
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| 8. |
- Pulido, Hannier, et al.
(author)
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Two new taxa of Euptychia Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from the Andes of Colombia and Peru
- 2011
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In: Zootaxa. - 1175-5326 .- 1175-5334. ; :2906, s. 43-51
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We describe a new species and a new subspecies of Euptychia Hübner, 1818 from Colombia and Peru: E. cesarense Pulido, Andrade, Peña & Lamas n. sp. and E. cesarense viloriai Andrade, Pulido, Peña & Lamas n. ssp. This new species resem- bles E. enyo Butler, 1867 and E. rufocincta Weymer, 1911 but shows clear differences in the wing markings, ocellus pat- tern and the male genitalia morphology. The new subspecies can be distinguished from the nominotypical subspecies described herein by differences in wing pattern coloration. The nominate subspecies occurs in northern Colombia, and E. c. viloriai is known from eastern Peru.
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| 9. |
- Pyrcz, Tomasz W., et al.
(author)
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Considerations on the Systematics of Neotropical Pierina, with the Description of Two New Species of Phulia Herrich-Schäffer from the Peruvian Andes (Lepidoptera: Pieridae, Pierinae, Pierini)
- 2022
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In: Neotropical Entomology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1519-566X .- 1678-8052. ; 51:6, s. 840-859
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A comparative analysis of high-Andean Pierina was carried out, including a total of 25 species. Based on morphological evidence, with an emphasis on venation and genitalia and molecular data, using three genetic markers, we confirm the recent subjective synonymy of the generic names Tatochila Butler, 1870, Piercolias, Staudinger, 1894, Hypsochila Ureta, 1955, Infraphulia Field, 1958, Pierphulia Field, 1958, and Theochila Field, 1958 with Phulia Herrich-Schäffer, 1867. Two new species are described, namely Phulia stoddardi Pyrcz & Cerdeña n. sp., from the Andes of Central Peru, which occurs at an unusually high altitude of close to 5000 m a.s.l. in dry puna habitat, and Phulia phantasma Lamas, Willmott & Boyer n. sp., from dry montane forests in northern Peru and southern Ecuador. An overview of high-elevation butterflies is presented, with some discussion on adaptations to this environment.
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| 10. |
- Pyrcz, Tomasz W., et al.
(author)
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Diversity and relationships between Andean shrubland puna butterflies in the genus Punargentus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)
- 2023
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In: European Journal of Entomology. - 1210-5759. ; 120, s. 324-337
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two new species and two new subspecies of the satyrine butterfly genus Punargentus Heimlich, P. atusparia sp. n., P. heimlichi sp. n., P. blanchardi libertas ssp. n. and P. atusparia yupania ssp. n., are described from north-central Peru (Ancash, Huánuco and La Libertad). The affinities of the new taxa are evaluated based on molecular data obtained using target enrichment and COI barcoding. Punargentus is fully supported and consists of two branches, the P. lamna clade with four species and P. blanchardi clade with three species, two of which are described here. Species in the P. blanchardi clade occur in Andean shrubland, at altitudes between 2800–3600 m, whereas those in the P. lamna clade occur in puna grassland at 3600–4600 m, with occasional overlaps. Based on their habitat preferences, none of the newly described species are in need of immediate conservation measures. The genus Etcheverrius Herrera is reinstated, with E. chiliensis (Guérin-Méneville) and E. tandilensis (Köhler), comb. n.
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