1. |
- Spets, J.-P, et al.
(author)
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Starch and cellulose as fuel sources for low temperature direct mode fuel cells
- 2008
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In: The Open Fuel Cells Journal. - : Bentham Open. - 1875-9327. ; 1, s. 1-3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper is a study about a direct mode fuel cell with a near-neutral-state and alkaline electrolytes. The aim of study was to develop a fuel cell, which operates directly by mixing the fuel with the electrolyte. This arrangement helps to avoid inserting membranes and additional bacterial cultures in fuel cell. The target is also to create a fuel cell with a capacity of few mWcm-2 with the starch as a fuel. Also, glucose and sorbitol have been tested as fuel for the fuel cell.
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2. |
- Spets, J-P, et al.
(author)
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Bioorganic materials as a fuel source for low-temperature direct-mode fuel cells
- 2010
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In: Electrochimica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-4686 .- 1873-3859. ; 55:26, s. 7706-7709
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study a direct-mode fuel cell in which the fuel and electrolyte are mixed with each other is tested. An alkaline electrolyte is used. The aim was to develop a fuel cell which operates directly by mixing the fuel with the electrolyte. The target is to create a fuel cell with a capacity of a few mW cm(-2) with starch as a fuel source. Starch, glucose, and sorbitol were tested as fuels for the fuel cell. With the selected fuel cell type and with glucose as the fuel, a maximum current density of 8 mA cm(-2) with a voltage of 0.5 V was obtained.
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3. |
- Spets, J. -P, et al.
(author)
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Direct glucose fuel cell with the anion exchange membrane in the near-neutral-state electrolyte
- 2012
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In: International Journal of Electrochemical Science. - 1452-3981. ; 7:12, s. 11696-11705
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper deals with the direct glucose fuel cell with an electrolyte at near-neutral-state pH value at room temperature by incorporating an anion exchange membrane (AEM) that was directly attached to a cathode. The wetted surface of the cathode was exposed to the AEM without implementing hot-pressing. The current-voltage curves were measured and the specific energy values for glucose were calculated for every test. Different concentrations of glucose were used and the results show that the lower the concentration of glucose, the higher is the specific energy, apparently showing higher utilization of the fuel with high Coulombic efficiency.
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4. |
- Spets, J.-P, et al.
(author)
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Direct-Mode Glucose Fuel Cells with Near-Neutral-State Electrolytes : Anode Electrode Studies with Different Catalysts and Electrolytes
- 2009
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In: The Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal. - : Bentham Open. - 1876-973X. ; 2, s. 82-86
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the present study, a direct-mode glucose fuel cell with a neutral-state and near-neutral-state aqueous electrolytes is studied. The near-neutral state electrolytes are important for two reasons. Firstly, the pH of the electrolytes would be near the pH of liquid in living cells. Secondly, the neutral electrolyte would enable good corrosion resistance of catalyst materials. Three different catalyst materials, i.e. Pt-Pd, Raney-Ni and Ni-porphyrin complex, are tested in an anode half-cell configuration with one neutral-state (battery water) and with two near-neutral-state aqueous electrolytes, i.e. modified Krebs-Ringer (K-R) and phosphate, both buffered to a pH value of 7.4. Pt-Pd catalyst in the aqueous K-R electrolyte maintains the negative voltage of the anode half cell with higher current densities that the nickel catalysts do. To estimate the operation of the direct-mode glucose fuel cell, the K-R electrolyte from the anode half-cell tests is tested also in the cathode half-cell with combined catalyst of cobalt porphyrin complex and of spinel. The open circuit voltages and polarisation curves are measured. Also, preliminary results and oxidation degrees of glucose in the tests are shown. Based on our half cell measurements, there are high development demands for the electro-catalysts, which could work efficiently in the near-neutral-state electrolytes.
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5. |
- Spets, J. -P, et al.
(author)
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Effect of temperature on a direct glucose anion exchange membrane fuel cell in a near-neutral-state electrolyte
- 2013
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In: International Journal of Electrochemical Science. - 1452-3981. ; 8:1, s. 1226-1236
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A direct glucose anion exchange membrane fuel cell (AEMFC) with a near-neutral-state electrolyte was studied at varying temperatures of 20, 30 and 37 ° C at two different concentrations of glucose of 0.1 and 0.3 M and with three concentrations of electrolyte of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 M [PO4]tot. The prime objective was to show how specific energy (W kg-1 glucose) of the direct glucose AEMFC is related to the operation temperature and concentrations of the species. Current and voltage values were measured together with the pHs and conductivities of the electrolytes. No component analysis of the final products after the fuel cell operation were done as the oxidation products of glucose is believed to be mainly gluconic acid and unreacted glucose as shown in the low Coulombic efficiency based on the exchange of 24 e-. Temperature, electrolyte and glucose concentrations have shown to have pronounced effect for the achievement of the highest energy capacity of 5.15 Wh kg-1 glucose.
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6. |
- Spets, J. P., et al.
(author)
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Enhancement of glucose electro-oxidation by an external electromagnetic field in direct-mode fuel cells
- 2010
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In: Journal of Power Sources. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7753 .- 1873-2755. ; 195:2, s. 475-479
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study a direct-mode fuel cell in which the fuel and electrolyte are mixed with each other is tested. An alkaline electrolyte is used. The direct-mode fuel cell is exposed to an externally generated electromagnetic field between electrodes to cause both the splitting of the fuel molecule into smaller units (i.e. electrochemical reforming) and an increase in the activity of catalyst materials on the fuel before electrochemical oxidation. The target is to create a fuel cell with a capacity range of a few mW cm(-2) with glucose as a fuel. In the selected fuel cell type with glucose as the fuel, a maximum current density of 13 mA cm(-2) was obtained. On the basis of the tests it seems to be possible to use the glucose-fuelled cell in small-scale applications, e. g. in small electronic devices.
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7. |
- Spets, J. -P., et al.
(author)
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Production of glucose by starch and cellulose acid hydrolysis and its use as a fuel in low-temperature direct-mode fuel cells
- 2010
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In: THERMEC 2009, PTS 1-4. - Berlin. ; , s. 1164-1169
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The use of glucose, which is produced from the acid hydrolysis of starch and cellulose, is studied as a fuel in a low-temperature direct-mode fuel cell (LTDMFC) with an alkaline electrolyte. Glucose is regarded as being as good a fuel as bioethanol, because both the fuels give 2 electrons per molecule in the fuel cell without carbonisation problems. However, glucose can be produced with fewer processing stages from starch and cellulose than can bioethanol. In the LTDMFC the fuel and the electrolyte are mixed with each other and the fuel cell is equipped only with metal catalysts. Cellulose as a fuel is of great importance because the fuel for the energy production is not taken from food production. A description of an acid hydrolysis method for starch and cellulose is presented. Values for glucose concentrations in each hydrolysate are analysed by means of a chromatographic method. Each glucose hydrolysate was made alkaline by adding of potassium hydroxide before feed in the fuel cell. Polarisation curves were measured, and they were found to produce lower current density values when compared to earlier tests with pure glucose. The Coulombic efficiency of pure glucose electrochemical oxidation in LTDMFC, which was calculated from a ratio of detected current capacity (As) to the maximum current capacity with the release of two electrons per molecule, was also found to be very low. Concerning the hydrolysates, the glucose concentrations were found to have values that were too low when compared to the earlier tests with pure glucose in a concentration of 1 M. The further development demands for the system under consideration are indicated. The concentration of glucose in the hydrolysate is essential to achieve high enough current density values in the LTDMFC.
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8. |
- Spets, J.-P, et al.
(author)
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The Progress in the Ongoing Development Work : Enhancement of GlucoseElectro-Oxidation in Direct-Mode Fuel Cells - An Update
- 2009
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In: The Open Fuel Cells Journal. - : Bentham Open. - 1875-9327. ; 2, s. 11-14
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study deals with the R&D regarding the direct glucose fuel cell with a capacity of increasing the power density with glucose as a fuel. The direct-mode fuel cell in which the fuel and the alkaline electrolyte are mixed with each other is tested at room temperature. The direct-mode fuel cell is exposed to an externally generated electromagnetic field with 4 GHz sine signals between electrodes to cause both the splitting of the fuel molecule and the electrochemical oxidation. As a result from the use of the higher frequency signals, a maximum current density of 15 mAcm-2 has been achieved with the total voltage of 0.5 V.
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9. |
- Spets, J. -P, et al.
(author)
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The Simultaneous Uses of the Direct-Mode Bioorganic Fuel Cell and the Function Generator for the Enhancement of the Glucose Electro-chemical Oxidation
- 2010
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In: International Journal of Electrochemical Science. - 1452-3981. ; 5:4, s. 547-555
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study a test of the direct-mode bioorganic fuel cell (DMBFC) in which the fuel and the alkaline electrolyte are mixed with each other at two temperatures of 20 and 35 degrees C are carried out. The direct-mode bioorganic fuel cell is exposed to an externally generated electromagnetic field with simultaneous discharging in order to split the fuel molecule before the electrochemical oxidation at the two operation temperatures. The current-voltage characteristics are measured and analyzed. The liquid phase of the fuel-electrolyte concentration of the glucose was analysed both before and after the electrochemical tests at the operation temperature 20 degrees C. The aim is to continue with the development of the direct-mode glucose fuel cell by increasing the power density range by several mWcm(-2). This type of the fuel cell with glucose as a fuel has increased to the specific capacity levels of 120.8 and 132.7 Ah / kg glucose at the temperatures of 20 degrees C and 35 degrees C, respectively.
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10. |
- Juutinen, S, et al.
(author)
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Band structures in Ba-132
- 1995
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In: PHYSICAL REVIEW C-NUCLEAR PHYSICS. - : AMER INST PHYSICS. ; 52:6, s. 2946-2954
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Excited states of Ba-132 were studied in an experiment utilizing the Sn-124(C-13,5n) reaction at a beam energy of 65.5 MeV. The level scheme of Ba-132 was considerably extended from what was previously known. Evidence is presented for neutron h(11/2) alig
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