1. |
- Alho, J. S., et al.
(author)
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Allen's rule revisited : quantitative genetics of extremity length in the common frog along a latitudinal gradient
- 2011
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In: Journal of Evolutionary Biology. - : Wiley. - 1010-061X .- 1420-9101. ; 24:1, s. 59-70
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ecogeographical rules linking climate to morphology have gained renewed interest because of climate change. Yet few studies have evaluated to what extent geographical trends ascribed to these rules have a genetic, rather than environmentally determined, basis. This applies especially to Allen's rule, which states that the relative extremity length decreases with increasing latitude. We studied leg length in the common frog (Rana temporaria) along a 1500 km latitudinal gradient utilizing wild and common garden data. In the wild, the body size-corrected femur and tibia lengths did not conform to Allen's rule but peaked at mid-latitudes. However, the ratio of femur to tibia length increased in the north, and the common garden data revealed a genetic cline consistent with Allen's rule in some trait and treatment combinations. While selection may have shortened the leg length in the north, the genetic trend seems to be partially masked by environmental effects.
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2. |
- Faust, Ellika, et al.
(author)
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Origin and route of establishment of the invasive Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in Scandinavia
- 2017
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In: Marine Ecology Progress Series. - : Inter-Research Science Center. - 0171-8630 .- 1616-1599. ; 575, s. 95-105
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Identifying the routes and rates of introductions is fundamental for the understanding of marine invasions. Recurring introductions over the last 50 yr have led to the establishment of feral Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas populations throughout Europe. In the northern countries, Sweden and Norway, the species first occurred in large numbers in 2006. Here, we investigated the relative importance of introduction via re-laying of cultured oysters imported for consumption from France, Ireland or the Netherlands, and dispersal of oyster larvae by ocean currents from wild oyster populations in Denmark. Using microsatellite DNA markers, we estimated genetic differentiation among Pacific oysters collected at 4 Swedish locations, 3 Norwegian locations and 9 potential source locations in Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands and France. All Swedish samples and 1 Norwegian sample(Tromlingene) were genetically similar to each other and the Danish samples and showed significant genetic differentiation from all other populations. Consequently, it appears that the Pacific oyster populations in Sweden, Denmark and Tromlingene are closely connected and/or share a recent origin. The 2 remaining Norwegian samples(Hui and Espevik) differed from each other and all other populations, but showed similarities to wild oyster samples from Scandinavia and Ireland, respectively. Overall, the results underline a complex origin of Norwegian oysters, with gene flow from Swedish/Danish populations, as well as other unidentified sources. The apparent connectivity among most of the Scandinavian populations has implications for regional management of this invasive species, and highlights possible scenarios for other marine invasive species with a similar life history.
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3. |
- Forsgren, Eva, et al.
(author)
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Prognostic value of using bee and hive debris samples for the detection of American foulbrood disease in honey bee colonies
- 2014
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In: Apidologie. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-8435 .- 1297-9678. ; 45, s. 10-20
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The objective of this study was to compare how well the detection of Paenibacillus larvae in samples of live bees or in accumulated winter debris collected from the bottom of beehives relates to symptoms of American foulbrood in honey bee colonies. Fifty-eight colonies in one commercial beekeeping operation were inspected for disease symptoms and assayed for P. larvae using culture-based techniques and PCR. The results show that culture-based techniques are more accurate than recently published PCR methods for detecting the bacterium in clinically diseased colonies, and that the prognostic value of bacterial colony counts from bee samples is superior to colony counts from debris. However, if the objective is to monitor the prevalence of the bacterium irrespective of disease symptoms, the preferable method is PCR analysis of accumulated winter hive debris.
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4. |
- Forsgren, Eva, et al.
(author)
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Sample preservation, transport and processing strategies for honeybee RNA extraction: Influence on RNA yield, quality, target quantification and data normalization
- 2017
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In: Journal of Virological Methods. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-0934 .- 1879-0984. ; 246, s. 81-89
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Viral infections in managed honey bees are numerous, and most of them are caused by viruses with an RNA genome. Since RNA degrades rapidly, appropriate sample management and RNA extraction methods are imperative to get high quality RNA for downstream assays. This study evaluated the effect of various sampling transport scenarios (combinations of temperature, RNA stabilizers, and duration) of transport on six RNA quality parameters; yield, purity, integrity, cDNA synthesis efficiency, target detection and quantification. The use of water and extraction buffer were also compared for a primary bee tissue homogenate prior to RNA extraction. The strategy least affected by time was preservation of samples at -80 degrees C. All other regimens turned out to be poor alternatives unless the samples were frozen or processed within 24 h. Chemical stabilizers have the greatest impact on RNA quality and adding an extra homogenization step (a QIAshredder (TM) homogenizer) to the extraction protocol significantly improves the RNA yield and chemical purity. This study confirms that RIN values (RNA Integrity Number), should be used cautiously with bee RNA. Using water for the primary homogenate has no negative effect on RNA quality as long as this step is no longer than 15 min.
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5. |
- Gustafsson, Malin, et al.
(author)
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Kunskapsunderlag för en enhetlig förvaltning av OSPAR-listade Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar Del 3 – Underlag för bedömning av bevarandevärde av Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar
- 2023
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Tvåskaliga blötdjur (bivalver) som blåmusslor (Mytilus edulis) och ostron (Ostrea edulis) är nyckelarter i kustekosystem och de bidrar både till ökad biologisk mångfald genom att skapa livsmiljöer för andra organismer och till flera andra viktiga ekosystemtjänster.Under de senaste åren har både Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar minskat i antal och omfattning i Europa, och det finns också starka indikationer på en liknande situation för Mytilus i Sverige. För Ostrea saknas generellt kunskap om populationsstorlekar, vilket gör bedömningar av populationsutveckling problematiskt. Bevarandeåtgärder som beståndsförstärkning och -restaurering ökar därför i omfattning allt eftersom biodiversitet förloras, och det finns ett växande intresse för att återställa habitat skapade av musslor och ostron på många platser i världen.Marina arter med hög spridningspotential, som till exempel Mytilus och i viss mån Ostrea, har historiskt setts som osannolika att uppvisa populationsgenetiska skillnader mellan olika geogra-fiska områden. Forskning har dock på senare tid visat att spridningsbarriärer orsakade av till exempel strömförhållanden eller skillnader i miljö är vanliga och kan resultera i genetiskt differentierade subpopulationer på geografiskt sett små skalor. Detta innebär att kunskap om populationsgenetiska mönster kan bidra med värdefull information för etablering av effektiva förvaltningsstrategier för olika arter, till exempel genom analys av populationsstrukturer och spridningsmekanismer. Exempelvis är populationsgenetiska strukturer, lokala mönster i rekrytering (det vill säga bottenfällning av nya musslor eller ostron) och spridning av larver av stort värde för att säkerställa en god genetisk bas för bevarande av källpopulationer och för att bibehålla en god rekryteringsbas och spridning av nya individer.För både Mytilus och Ostrea saknas idag kunskapsunderlag om grundläggande populationsgenetiska strukturer, liksom om lokalrekryteringsmönster och larvspridning, varför en bedömning av olika bankars bevarandevärde inte är möjlig. I denna rapport presenteras det arbete som gjorts med att ta fram kunskap som kan bidra till identifiering av särskilt värdefulla Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar för förvaltning av arterna (AP3 i projektet). Med hjälp av genetiska analyser har storskaliga mönster av utbredning av de olika ”arterna” av släktena Mytilus och Ostrea i Skagerrak studerats, samt var gränserna går mellan de olika arterna och populationerna. Målet var att analysera genetisk diversitet, förekomst av isolerade populationer samt genflöde mellan olika områden i Skagerrak samt att identifiera möjliga barriärer för larvtransport längs med Sveriges och Norges kust.Vidare studerades konnektiviteten (definierat som hur väl områden länkas till varandra genom havsströmmar, t.ex. larv-transport från en population till en annan) mellan olika populationer genom att även beräkna spridningen av partiklar (ägg och larver) från Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar med hjälp av en oceanografisk spridningsmodell (ROMS/OpenDrift), för att se i vilken utsträckning larver transporteras mellan olika lokaler. Målet var även att identifiera viktiga områden där larver från flera områden samlas samt viktiga källregioner.Resultaten från spridningsberäkningar och genetiska data var samstämmiga för Mytilus. De visade en generell transport av larver norrut, och att lokaler i den inre skärgården var mer isolerade än i den yttre delen av skärgården, särskilt området innanför Tjörn och Orust samt Oslofjorden. En barriär observerades även mellan Tvedestrand och Kragerö längs den norska kusten. Den sydeuropeiska arten M. galloprovencialis observerades också i svenska vatten för första gången, dessutom på flera olika platser, men i en låg andel av det totala antalet provtagna musslor. Genetisk övervakning av denna främmande art är önskvärd för att studera hur förekomsten av arten utvecklas i framtiden och hur den interagerar med lokala bestånd av M. edulis.För Ostrea var de genetiska mönstren och resultaten från modelleringen mindre samstämmiga. Modelleringsresultaten visade att lokaler i den inre skärgården hade lite larvutbyte med andra områden. Lokaler i den mellersta skärgården hade mest utbyte av larver både sinsemellan och med framförallt lokaler i ytterskärgården. Genetiska data visade dock inte på någon tydlig geografisk struktur, möjligen på grund av historiska förflyttningar av ostron. Gemensamt för Mytilus och Ostrea är att larver generellt färdas i en nordlig riktning längs med Sveriges kust, och att larver från många olika populationer samlas i mellersta skärgården i området kring Kosterhavet. Här borde den genetiska diversiteten därför vara hög. Baserat på resultatet från modelleringen bakåt i tiden kan antas att viktiga källområden till larver kan finnas längre söderut mellan Öckerö och Väderöarna. Baserat på resultaten presenterade i denna rapport kan konstateras att både Mytilus- och Ostrea-populationerna i området bör förvaltas som separata sub-enheter, då det finns omfattande genetiska strukturer och spridningsbarriärer för de två arterna. Till exempel är det viktigt att bevara populationer i Göteborgsområdet samt i området runt Koster, då det ena utgör ett viktigt källområde och det andra ett viktigt område där stora mängder larver samlas.Det är också viktigt att bevara både kustnära bankar och bankar i utsjömiljöer på grund av den låga larvspridningen mellan dessa två områden. Bankarna i den mellersta skärgården får bidrag från både den yttre och inre skärgården, så det är möjligt att dessa bankar kan agera som bryggor mellan bankarna i den yttre och den inre skärgården. Vissa områden, såsom området innanför Orust och Tjörn, är mer eller mindre isolerade, vilket gör det viktigt att här skapa en lokal förvaltning som tar hänsyn till bristen på larvtransport in och ut ur området. Avseende Orustområdet är det också viktigt att i framtida undersökningar studera hur det stora antalet musselodlingar i området påverkar de vilda populationerna.Sammantaget kan konstateras att det framkommit mycket värdefull information inom detta projekt som kan bidra till framtagandet av konstruktiva och långsiktigt hållbara förvaltningsstrategier för både Mytilus och Ostrea, men att det samtidigt finns behov av ytterligare utveckling och kunskapsbyggande kring vissa aspekter, framför allt kopplat mot spridning och populat-ionsstrukturer för Ostrea samt interaktioner mellan odlade och vilda musslor.
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6. |
- Gustafsson, Malin, et al.
(author)
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Unlocking the secret life of blue mussels: Exploring connectivity in the Skagerrak through biophysical modeling and population genomics
- 2024
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In: Evolutionary Applications. - 1752-4571. ; 17
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Knowledge of functional dispersal barriers in the marine environment can be used to inform a wide variety of management actions, such as marine spatial planning, restoration efforts, fisheries regulations, and invasive species management. Locations and causes of dispersal barriers can be studied through various methods, including movement tracking, biophysical modeling, demographic models, and genetics. Combining methods illustrating potential dispersal, such as biophysical modeling, with realized dispersal through, e.g., genetic connectivity estimates, provides particularly useful information for teasing apart potential causes of observed barriers. In this study, we focus on blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) in the Skagerrak—a marginal sea connected to the North Sea in Northern Europe—and combine biophysical models of larval dispersal with genomic data to infer locations and causes of dispersal barriers in the area. Results from both methods agree; patterns of ocean currents are a major structuring factor in the area. We find a complex pattern of source-sink dynamics with several dispersal barriers and show that some areas can be isolated despite an overall high dispersal capability. Finally, we translate our finding into management advice that can be used to sustainably manage this ecologically and economically important species in the future.
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7. |
- Josefsson, Jonas, et al.
(author)
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Improving scientific rigour in conservation evaluations and a plea deal for transparency on potential biases
- 2020
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In: Conservation Letters. - : Wiley. - 1755-263X. ; 13:5
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The delivery of rigorous and unbiased evidence on the effects of interventions lay at the heart of the scientific method. Here we examine scientific papers evaluating agri-environment schemes, the principal instrument to mitigate farmland biodiversity declines worldwide. Despite previous warnings about rudimentary study designs in this field, we found that the majority of studies published between 2008 and 2017 still lack robust study designs to strictly evaluate intervention effects. Potential sources of bias that arise from the correlative nature are rarely mentioned, and results are still promoted by using a causal language. This lack of robust study designs likely results from poor integration of research and policy, while the erroneous use of causal language and an unwillingness to discuss bias may stem from publication pressures. We conclude that scientific reporting and discussion of study limitations in intervention research must improve and propose some practices toward this goal.
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8. |
- Kanuch, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Gene flow relates to evolutionary divergence among populations at the range margin
- 2020
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In: PeerJ. - : PeerJ. - 2167-8359. ; 8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Morphological differentiation between populations resulting from local adaptations to environmental conditions is likely to be more pronounced in populations with increasing genetic isolation. In a previous study a positive clinal variation in body size was observed in isolated Roesel's bush-cricket, Metrioptera roeselii, populations, but were absent from populations within a continuous distribution at the same latitudinal range. This observational study inferred that there was a phenotypic effect of gene flow on climate-induced selection in this species. Methods: To disentangle genetic versus environmental drivers of population differences in morphology, we measured the size of four different body traits in wild-caught individuals from the two most distinct latitudinally-matched pairs of populations occurring at about 60 degrees N latitude in northern Europe, characterised by either restricted or continuous gene flow, and corresponding individuals raised under laboratory conditions. Results: Individuals that originated from the genetically isolated populations were always bigger (femur, pronotum and genital appendages) when compared to individuals from latitudinally-matched areas characterised by continuous gene flow between populations. The magnitude of this effect was similar for wild-caught and laboratory-reared individuals. We found that previously observed size cline variation in both male and female crickets was likely to be the result of local genetic adaptation rather than phenotypic plasticity. Conclusions: This strongly suggests that restricted gene flow is of major importance for frequencies of alleles that participate in climate-induced selection acting to favour larger phenotypes in isolated populations towards colder latitudes.
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9. |
- Kuparinen, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Developmental threshold model challenged by temperature
- 2010
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In: Evolutionary Ecology Research. - 1522-0613 .- 1937-3791. ; 12:7, s. 821-829
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Question: Does the L-shape of the reaction norm for age and size at ontogenetic transitions arise irrespective of temperature? The developmental threshold model suggests that this shape arises due to a threshold in body size to undertake the transition. Data studied: Ages and sizes at metamorphosis measured in a common garden experiment in Rana temporaria originating from six populations along a latitudinal gradient. Individuals were exposed to three temperature treatments and two levels of food. Search method: Population-specific age and size at metamorphosis were plotted against each other, and the shape of the reaction norm across populations was further illustrated by an exponential decay function. The observed patterns were further explored via linear mixed-effect models. Conclusion: The L-shape of the reaction norm depends on temperature, suggesting that at low temperature a developmental threshold in age rather than in size regulates the process of metamorphosis.
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10. |
- Laugen, Ane
(author)
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Can fisheries-induced evolution shift reference points for fisheries management?
- 2013
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In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1054-3139 .- 1095-9289. ; 70, s. 707-721
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Biological reference points are important tools for fisheries management. Reference points are not static, butmay change when a population's environment or the population itself changes. Fisheries-induced evolution is one mechanism that can alter population characteristics, leading to "shifting" reference points by modifying the underlying biological processes or by changing the perception of a fishery system. The former causes changes in "true" reference points, whereas the latter is caused by changes in the yardsticks used to quantify a system's status. Unaccounted shifts of either kind imply that reference points gradually lose their intended meaning. This can lead to increased precaution, which is safe, but potentially costly. Shifts can also occur in more perilous directions, such that actual risks are greater than anticipated. Our qualitative analysis suggests that all commonly used reference points are susceptible to shifting through fisheries-induced evolution, including the limit and "precautionary" reference points for spawning-stock biomass, B-lim and B-pa, and the target reference point for fishing mortality, F-0.1. Our findings call for increased awareness of fisheries-induced changes and highlight the value of always basing reference points on adequately updated information, to capture all changes in the biological processes that drive fish population dynamics.
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