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- Antelmi, Annarita, et al.
(author)
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4,4′-Thiobis(2-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol), an antioxidant in medical devices that may cause allergic contact dermatitis
- 2023
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In: Contact Dermatitis. - 0105-1873. ; 89:2, s. 103-106
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Antioxidants in medical devices, added to protect polymers or adhesives, may also cause contact dermatitis in some individuals. Objectives: To present data on sensitization to 4,4′-thiobis(2-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol), an antioxidant detected in some types of medical devices, for six patients that experienced eczematous reactions to different medical devices. Methods: Patch testing with 4,4′-thiobis(2-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol), 1% pet was performed. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for identification of 4,4′-thiobis(2-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol) in different medical device products. Results: Six patients with contact allergy to 4,4′-thiobis(2-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol) also had relevant contact allergic reactions to medical devices containing the antioxidant. The presence of the antioxidant in products was detected using GC-MS analysis. Conclusions: The antioxidant 4,4′-thiobis(2-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol) may cause allergic contact dermatitis after exposure to different medical devices.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Lejding, Tina, et al.
(author)
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A retrospective investigation of hexavalent chromium allergy in southern Sweden
- 2018
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In: Contact Dermatitis. - : Wiley. - 0105-1873 .- 1600-0536. ; 78:6, s. 386-392
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Historically, allergic contact dermatitis caused by hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in cement was the most common cause of invalidity attributable to skin disease in Sweden. Since the legislation to reduce Cr(VI) in cement was introduced in 1989, we rarely see allergic contact dermatitis caused by cement. Objectives: To examine the frequency of contact allergy to Cr(VI) in southern Sweden in 2005-2014. Methods: We investigated the occurrence of positive reactions to potassium dichromate 0.5% pet. in consecutively tested dermatitis patients, and compared the occurrence of atopic dermatitis, localization of dermatitis and simultaneous positive reactions to cobalt chloride and nickel sulfate in the Cr(VI)-positive patients with those in a group of patients with a similar age and sex distribution. Results: In total, 6482 patients were tested, and 233 Cr(VI)-allergic individuals were found (3.6%). A significantly higher proportion of atopic dermatitis was found among Cr(VI)-allergic patients, and a significantly higher share of foot dermatitis was found among Cr(VI)-allergic women, than among controls. Cr(VI) allergy was less likely when both nickel allergy and cobalt allergy were present. Conclusion: A relatively high frequency of contact allergy to Cr(VI) was found. The cause has shifted from cement exposure to other exposures, probably mainly leather.
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| 4. |
- Lejding, Tina, et al.
(author)
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Analysis of Hexavalent Chromium in Cement Samples From Countries Within and Outside the EU : A Study From the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group
- 2023
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In: Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug. - : Mary Ann Liebert Inc. - 1710-3568. ; 34:4, s. 323-328
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) caused by hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is often severe and difficult to treat. The content of Cr(VI) in cement can be reduced by, for example, addition of iron(II) sulfate. Since 2005 the content of Cr(VI) in cement is regulated in the EU Directive 2003/53/EC and must not exceed 2 ppm. Since this regulation came into force, ACD caused by cement has markedly been reduced. Objective: To investigate Cr(VI) and total chromium content in samples of cement from countries within and outside the EU. Methods: The members of the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) were invited to participate in the study with the aim to collect cement samples from geographically different areas. The content of Cr(VI) in the samples was estimated by the diphenyl carbazide spot test, atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to assess the total chromium content. Results: Forty-five cement samples were analyzed, containing amounts of Cr(VI) from <0.1 to >70 ppm. Twenty-one samples contained >2 ppm Cr(VI), 24 contained less. Four of 17 samples from within the EU contained >2 ppm Cr(VI), that is, higher amounts than stipulated in the EU directive, as compared with 17 samples from countries outside the EU. Conclusion: In countries outside the EU, significantly more cement samples contained >2 ppm Cr(VI).
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| 5. |
- Lejding, Tina, et al.
(author)
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Can reducing cosmetic substances help prevent chromate contact allergy?
- 2020
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In: Contact Dermatitis. - : Wiley. - 0105-1873 .- 1600-0536. ; 82:1, s. 39-44
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Allergic contact dermatitis caused by Cr(VI) is often severe and difficult to treat. Therefore, primary prevention is a main goal but secondary prevention can be valuable to ease the symptoms or prevent relapse of Cr(VI) dermatitis when sensitization has occurred. Barrier creams have been tried for many chemical substances, but until now there is no successful barrier cream against Cr(VI). Objectives: To investigate the ability of reducing agents to transform Cr(VI) into Cr(III) in an experimental situation, in order to find suitable chemicals to investigate for possible use in a barrier cream. Methods: The capacity to reduce the amount of Cr(VI) was analyzed in water solutions of acetylcysteine, cysteine, dihydroxyacetone, glutathione, and iron sulfate heptahydrate. Thereafter the reducing capacity of acetylcysteine, dihydroxyacetone, glutathione, and iron sulfate on the amount of Cr(VI) in cement extracts was investigated. The content of Cr(VI) in the test solutions and in the cement extracts was estimated by the diphenyl carbazide spot test. Results: All of the chosen chemicals reduced the amount of Cr(VI) in the test solutions and in the cement extracts to some extent. The reducing capacity was most prominent for iron sulfate. Conclusion: A reducing capacity was found for all chosen chemicals.
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| 6. |
- Lejding, Tina, et al.
(author)
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Can the Reactivity to Chromate Be Changed in Patch Testing Using a Barrier Cream?
- 2020
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In: Dermatitis. - 1710-3568. ; 31:6, s. 373-377
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The persistent, difficult-to-treat, allergic contact dermatitis from hexavalent chromium in European construction workers has diminished significantly since the legislative measurements that came into force in January 2005. However, sensitization to hexavalent chromium continues to be a problem. Barrier creams have been tried for various allergens with divergent results. Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the protective capacity of barrier cream candidates against hexavalent chromium in a patch test situation. Methods An experimental study was performed to investigate the reductive properties of glutathione and iron sulfate on the patch test reactivity in chromium-allergic individuals when exposed to hexavalent chromium. In this study, we also investigated the protective properties of a commercially available barrier cream. Conclusions A higher number of volunteers (16/18) showed reactions on the skin treated with the commercially available barrier cream, compared with the untreated skin (13/18) on test reading day 3/4 or day 7. The skin treated with petrolatum or Essex cream showed fewer and less prominent allergic reactions than the skin treated with the commercially available barrier cream.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Lejding, Tina, et al.
(author)
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Epoxy allergy, investigation of a modern industry
- 2023
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In: Contact Dermatitis. - : Wiley. - 0105-1873 .- 1600-0536. ; 88:5, s. 383-388
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Five workers from an industry manufacturing various articles from carbon fibre reinforced epoxy plastics were referred to our department because of suspected occupational allergic contact dermatitis (OACD). When patch tested, four of them had positive reactions to components of epoxy resin systems (ERSs) that could explain their current skin problems. All of them had been working at the same workstation at a specially designed pressing machine, with operations including manually mixing epoxy resin with hardener. Multiple cases of OACD in the plant prompted an investigation including all workers with possible risk exposures at the plant. Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of occupational dermatoses and contact allergies among the workers at the plant. Materials and Methods: Totally 25 workers underwent investigation that included a brief consultation with a standardized anamnesis and clinical examination followed by patch testing. Results: ERSs-related reactions were found in 7 of the 25 investigated workers. None of the seven had a history of previous exposure to ERSs and they are regarded as sensitized through work. Conclusions: Twenty-eight percent of investigated workers showed reactions to ERSs. Of these the majority would have been missed if supplementary testing would not have been added to testing with the Swedish base line series.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Lejding, Tina, et al.
(author)
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Skin application of glutathione and iron sulfate can inhibit elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis from hexavalent chromium
- 2020
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In: Contact Dermatitis. - : Wiley. - 0105-1873 .- 1600-0536. ; 82:1, s. 45-53
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) caused by hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), is often severe and difficult to treat. The most common source of exposure to Cr(VI) in Sweden used to be cement, and more recently leather. The contact allergy can be diminished or inhibited if the exposure is decreased or ceases. Barrier creams against different kinds of allergens have been investigated for their protective properties which may offer protection against Cr(VI) exposure. Objectives: To investigate the capacity of formulas containing glutathione (GSH) and iron sulfate to inhibit elicitation of ACD in Cr(VI)-allergic individuals when exposed to Cr(VI). Methods: In 18 Cr(VI)-allergic volunteers the back was divided into eight patch test areas which were treated with preparations of possible barrier creams, prior to patch testing with a dilution series of potassium dichromate and a buffered extract of cement. Results: A significant reduction in reactivity to Cr(VI) and cement extract on skin treated with formulas containing GSH or iron sulfate was noticed, compared with untreated skin. Conclusion: Formulas containing GSH or iron sulfate in barrier creams inhibit ACD in individuals allergic to Cr(VI) when applied before exposure to Cr(VI) and cement extract.
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