| 1. |
- Ahlström, Christer, 1977-, et al.
(author)
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Road Vehicle Automation and Its Effects on Fatigue, Sleep, Rest, and Recuperation
- 2023. - 1
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In: The Handbook of Fatigue Management in Transportation. - Boca Raton : CRC Press. - 9781003213154
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Assisted and automated driving brings new challenges and opportunities when it comes to driver fatigue. With lower levels of vehicle automation, driver monotony and boredom in combination with demanding attentive monitoring leads to higher levels of fatigue, especially during the night when the sleep pressure is high. With higher levels of vehicle automation, when the driver is not required to continuously monitor the roadway and the automation system, task-related fatigue can be counteracted by engaging in non-driving-related activities. Finally, with the highest levels of vehicle automation, it may even become possible for drivers to sleep while on the move. Aside from making it possible for private car drivers to take strategic naps during a drive, this also opens up the possibility for more flexible, risk management-based, hour of service regulations for professional drivers. This chapter summarises the current state of the art on how assisted and piloted driving affects driver fatigue and how automation may facilitate recovery and recuperation from fatigue while on the move. It also covers how automated functions will impact driver monitoring systems and how new ways of counteracting driver fatigue may arise when automation is available.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Anund, Anna, 1964-, et al.
(author)
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Night-time scenarios in simulators : a prestudy of needs, knowledge and possible solutions
- 2016
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The study in this publication investigates the need and potential for night-time scenarios in driving simulators, determines how such night-time scenarios could be reproduced and identifies the objects most important to reproduce. Although on average 12 out of every 24 hours are dark and considering that most situations are more demanding for drivers in dark conditions, simulations of driving scenarios with different degrees of darkness are not common. The project work comprised a pre-study that involved an investigation of the need and potential of night-time scenarios with the help of input from different stakeholders, consolidation of what is known up to now through benchmarking and state of the art, and a review of available technical solutions. The objective was to identify pros and cons with existing solutions and aspects that are important to consider in order to reproduce the most important components in realistic night-time scenarios. Based on the results, six important use cases were identified and two of these (‘Driver fatigue’ and ‘Objects without light sources’) were studied in more detail. It was concluded that for night-time scenarios there is enough darkness in general in the simulator environment. The question is whether it is possible to create sufficient contrast for objects that are meant to be observable. For daytime scenarios, the light levels in the simulator are clearly unrealistically low and this limitation might even trigger unwanted sleepiness.
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| 5. |
- Broström, Robert, et al.
(author)
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Individual glance strategies and their effect on the NHTSA visual manual distraction test
- 2016
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In: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 36, s. 83-91
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this paper was to investigate how individual differences in glance strategy could impact the glance performance test defined in the NHTSA visual manual distraction guidelines. Better understanding of the test procedure could help development of new technology for safe driving. A custom in-vehicle information system was developed and assessed in a driving simulator by eighteen participants. The interfaces were designed according to recommendations in the NHTSA guidelines and contained manual radio-tuning tasks, sound settings tasks and six letter spelling tasks. Two of the six tested interfaces fully complied with the test. In addition, clear individual differences in glance strategy were found among the participants. Four individual glance strategies were identified. Two of these, long glancers and frequent glancers, highly affected the outcome of the compliance test. Participants belonging to the long glancers and the frequent glancers categories were identified as statistical outliers in many test cases. For example, if the individual values of these participants were replaced with sample mean, the number of complying interfaces would increase to five out of six, which is more in line with expectations for these interfaces. The results of this study show that individual variations in glance strategy exist. Also, these individual variations seem to have a non- negligible influence on the result when performance-testing of in-vehicle interfaces is done according to the NTHSA guidelines.
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| 6. |
- Engström, Johan A Skifs, 1973, et al.
(author)
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Adaptive behavior in the simulator: Implications for active safety system evaluation
- 2011
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In: Handbook of Driving Simulation for Engineering, Medicine, and Psychology. - 9781420061017 ; , s. 41-1-41-16-
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The Problem. Driving is, most of the time, a self-paced task where drivers proactively control the driving situation, based on their expectations of how things will develop in the near future. Crashes are typically associated with unexpected events where this type of proactive adaptation failed in one way or another. These types of scenarios are the main targets for active safety systems. In evaluation studies, drivers’ responses to expected events may be qualitatively different from responses to similar, but unexpected, events. Hence, creating artificial active safety evaluation scenarios that truly represent the targeted real-world scenarios is a difficult challenge. Role of Driving Simulators. Driving simulators offer great possibilities to test active safety systems with real drivers in specific target scenarios under tight experimental control. However, in simulator studies, experimental control generally has to be traded against realism. The objective of this chapter is to address some key problems related to driver expectancy and associated adaptive behavior in the context of simulator-based active safety system evaluation. Key Results of Driving Simulator Studies. The chapter briefly reviews common types of adaptive driver strategies found in the literature and proposes a general conceptual framework for describing adaptive driver behavior. Based on this framework, some key challenges in dealing with these types of issues in simulator studies are identified and potential solutions discussed. Scenarios and Dependent Variables. Key variables representing adaptive driver behavior include the selection of speed, headway, and lane position as well as the allocation of attention and effort. It will never be possible to create artificial simulator scenarios for active safety evaluation that perfectly match their real-world counterparts, but there are several means that could be used to reduce the discrepancy. Problems with expectancy and resulting adaptive behavior may at least be partly overcome by various means to “trick” drivers into critical situations, several of which are addressed in the chapter. Platform Specificity and Equipment Limitations. The issues discussed in this chapter should apply across all types of driving simulator platforms. However, some of the proposed methods for tricking drivers into critical situations may require specific simulator features, such as a motion base.
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| 7. |
- Engström, Johan A Skifs, 1973, et al.
(author)
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Effects of working memory load and repeated scenario exposure on emergency braking performance
- 2010
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In: Human Factors. - : SAGE Publications. - 1547-8181 .- 0018-7208. ; 52:5, s. 551-559
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of working memory load on drivers' responses to a suddenly braking lead vehicle and whether this effect (if any) is moderated by repeated scenario exposure. Background: Several experimental studies have found delayed braking responses to lead vehicle braking events during concurrent performance of nonvisual, working memory-loading tasks, such as hands-free phone conversation. However, the common use of repeated, and hence somewhat expected, braking events may undermine the generalizability of these results to naturalistic, unexpected, emergency braking scenarios. Method: A critical lead vehicle braking scenario was implemented in a fixed-based simulator. The effects of working memory load and repeated scenario exposure on braking performance were examined. Results: Brake response time was decomposed into accelerator pedal release time and accelerator-to-brake pedal movement time. Accelerator pedal release times were strongly reduced with repeated scenario exposure and were delayed by working memory load with a small but significant amount (178 ms). The two factors did not interact. There were no effects on accelerator-to-brake pedal movement time. Conclusion:The results suggest that effects of working memory load on response performance obtained from repeated critical lead vehicle braking scenarios may be validly generalized to real world unexpected events. Application: The results have important implications for the interpretation of braking performance in experimental settings, in particular in the context of safety-related evaluation of in-vehicle information and communication technologies. © 2010, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
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| 8. |
- Fagerlind, Helen, 1975, et al.
(author)
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Development of an In-depth European Accident Causation Database and the Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method, DREAM 3.0
- 2008
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In: 3rd International Conference ESAR (Expert Symposium on Accident Research). - Hannover, Tyskland.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The SafetyNet project was formulated in part to address the need for safety oriented European road accident data. One of the main tasks included within the project was the development of a methodology for better understanding of accident causation together with the development of an associated database involving data obtained from on-scene or “nearly on-scene” accident investigations. Information from these investigations was complemented by data from follow-up interviews with crash participants to determine critical events and contributory factors to the accident occurrence. A method for classification of accident contributing factors, known as DREAM 3.0, was developed and tested in conjunction with the SafetyNet activities. Collection of data and case analysis for some 1 000 individual crashes have recently been completed and inserted into the database and therefore aggregation analyses of the data are now being undertaken. This paper describes the methodology development, an overview of the database and the initial aggregation analyses.
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| 9. |
- Fischer, Martin, et al.
(author)
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SPASS : Strengthen Performance Active Safety Simulator
- 2017
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The aim of the SPASS project was to evaluate early development/rapid prototyping of new driver assistance systems by utilizing an advanced driving simulator in combination with a vehicle electrical architecture (including sensors, actuators and HMI). As a case study, the project demonstrated a novel active safety function which was rather well penetrated at Volvo Car Corporation (VCC), i.e. VCC had reference vehicles up and running. The project used VTI’s advanced driving simulator (Sim IV) in Gothenburg to establish a simulator platform for evaluation of driver-system interaction. The objective was to understand the capability of Sim IV when studying active safety functions requiring interaction between road infrastructure, sensors, electrical architecture, actuators and Human-Machine Interaction, and to understand how useful Sim IV is during the ordinary concept development phase at vehicle manufacturers. Warning systems that act when the driver is on the way to unintentionally leave the lane are already available today. The next generation of systems will not only warn the driver but will actively contribute to the steering task. One such system is VCC’s eLKA (emergency lane keeping assistance). As part of the SPASS project a scenario which lead to triggering of the eLKA function was developed and tested. The scenario consisted of rural road driving where drivers were distracted by means of a visual distraction task (reading numbers from a screen, placed at a relative large down angle relative to the view of the forward roadway) and then poured across the median towards an oncoming vehicle by introducing an additional steering angle in the simulated vehicle. An integrated test environment for active safety functions has been developed and evaluated. VCC’s emergency lane keeping assistance system (eLKA) has been used as test case in the evaluation, and the functioning of the eLKA has been validated and approved by experts at VCC.
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| 10. |
- Habibovic, Azra, 1982, et al.
(author)
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Driver behavior in car-to-pedestrian incidents: An application of the Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method (DREAM)
- 2013
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In: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575. ; 50, s. 554-565
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To develop relevant road safety countermeasures, it is necessary to first obtain an in-depth understanding of how and why safety-critical situations such as incidents, near-crashes, and crashes occur. Video-recordings from naturalistic driving studies provide detailed information on events and circumstances prior to such situations that is difficult to obtain from traditional crash investigations, at least when it comes to the observable driver behavior. This study analyzed causation in 90 video-recordings of car-to-pedestrian incidents captured by onboard cameras in a naturalistic driving study in Japan. The Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method (DREAM) was modified and used to identify contributing factors and causation patterns in these incidents. Two main causation patterns were found. In intersections, drivers failed to recognize the presence of the conflict pedestrian due to visual obstructions and/or because their attention was allocated towards something other than the conflict pedestrian. In incidents away from intersections, this pattern reoccurred along with another pattern showing that pedestrians often behaved in unexpected ways. These patterns indicate that an interactive advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) able to redirect the driver's attention could have averted many of the intersection incidents, while autonomous systems may be needed away from intersections. Cooperative ADAS may be needed to address issues raised by visual obstructions.
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