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  • 2019
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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  • Klionsky, Daniel J., et al. (author)
  • Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
  • 2012
  • In: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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  • Aad, G, et al. (author)
  • 2015
  • swepub:Mat__t
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9.
  • Zhang, Jian, et al. (author)
  • Optimization of N-Substituted Oseltamivir Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of Group-1 and-2 Influenza A Neuraminidases, Including a Drug-Resistant Variant
  • 2018
  • In: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-2623 .- 1520-4804. ; 61:14, s. 6379-6397
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • On the basis of our earlier discovery of N1-selective inhibitors, the 150-cavity of influenza virus neuraminidases (NAs) could be further exploited to yield more potent oseltamivir derivatives. Among the synthesized compounds, 15b and 15c were exceptionally active against both group-1 and -2 NAs. Especially for 09N1, N2, N6, and N9 subtypes, they showed 6.80-12.47 and 1.20-3.94 times greater activity than oseltamivir carboxylate (OSC). They also showed greater inhibitory activity than OSC toward H274Y and E119V variant. In cellular assays, they exhibited greater potency than OSC toward H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8 viruses. 15b demonstrated high metabolic stability, low cytotoxicity in vitro, and low acute toxicity in mice. Computational modeling and molecular dynamics studies provided insights into the role of R group of 15b in improving potency toward group-1 and -2 NAs. We believe the successful exploitation of the 150-cavity of NAs represents an important breakthrough in the development of more potent anti-influenza agents.
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  • Aad, G., et al. (author)
  • 2011
  • swepub:Mat__t (peer-reviewed)
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  • Result 1-10 of 609
Type of publication
journal article (470)
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reports (3)
book chapter (1)
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Type of content
peer-reviewed (589)
other academic/artistic (10)
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Chen, H. (430)
Chen, X. (430)
Chen, S. (428)
Abreu, H. (426)
Adye, T. (426)
Aleksa, M. (426)
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Amelung, C. (426)
Arai, Y. (426)
Arnaez, O. (426)
Asquith, L. (426)
Backes, M. (426)
Baker, O. K. (426)
Banas, E. (426)
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Beau, T. (426)
Beck, H. P. (426)
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Berry, T. (426)
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Borisov, A. (426)
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English (609)
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