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- Filbee-Dexter, Karen, et al.
(author)
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Ecological surprise : concept, synthesis, and social dimensions
- 2017
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In: Ecosphere. - : Wiley. - 2150-8925 .- 2150-8925. ; 8:12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As the extent and intensity of human impacts on ecosystems increase and the capacity of ecosystems to absorb these impacts dwindles, unanticipated behavior in ecological systems-or surprises-is likely to become more common. The concept of ecological surprise is broadly applied but seldom explicitly developed in ecological literature, and ecologists can employ diverging language, frameworks, and interpretations of surprise. Here, we synthesize what ecological surprise has meant to ecologists studying these events and review the development and use of the concept in ecology. We define ecological surprise as a situation where human expectations or predictions of natural system behavior deviate from observed ecosystem behavior. This can occur when people (1) fail to anticipate change in ecosystems; (2) fail to influence ecosystem behavior as intended; or (3) discover something about an ecosystem that runs counter to accepted knowledge. We develop a conceptual model that captures the interactions between social and ecological processes that lead to these events and examine two types of drivers that contribute to surprise: underlying driving forces and proximate causes. Our definition of ecological surprise inherently acknowledges that, to be surprising, there must be human observers to the ecological occurrence who have expectations about ecosystem behavior. To explore this dimension, we draw on social science perspectives to understand the ways in which human expectations of ecosystems are influenced by social networks, heuristics, and mental models. We use a case study to demonstrate how our integrated concep-tualization of ecological surprise provides a systematic way of examining these events. Our integration of these perspectives enables us to better synthesize social and ecological knowledge of these events, and encourages ecologists to critically reflect on how they, as scientists, formulate and reformulate expectations of ecosystem behavior.
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| 3. |
- Niemistö, Charlotta, et al.
(author)
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Work, care and gendered (in)equalities
- 2022. - 1
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In: Transformative Action for Sustainable Outcomes. - London : Routledge. - 9781032135342 - 9781003229728 ; , s. 105-110
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This chapter discusses the (ir)responsible organising of systems of production and reproduction through work and care, highlighting the inequalities – pertaining to gender, but also age, class, and ethnicity – in how work and care are valued and distributed. We examine some key inequalities and interrelations in systems of production and reproduction, in terms of gender, age, life phases, work, and care. How work and care are unevenly distributed between genders and in different phases of the life course is a central question for social sustainability and equality. Foregrounding work, care, and work-care boundaries is necessary in (re)organising work(/non-work) life and the interplay of production and reproduction. Responsible organising within and around societies and organisations means engaging with these persistent realities, and inequalities, at both strategic and everyday levels of organising.
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| 4. |
- Seibert, Jan
(author)
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Regionalization for Ungauged Catchments - Lessons Learned From a Comparative Large-Sample Study
- 2021
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In: Water Resources Research. - 0043-1397 .- 1944-7973. ; 57
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Model parameter values for ungauged catchments can be regionalized from hydrologically similar gauged catchments. Achieving reliable and robust predictions in ungauged catchments by regionalization, however, is still a major challenge. Here, we conduct a comparative assessment of 19 regionalization approaches based on previously published literature to contribute new insights into their performance in different geographic regions. The approaches use geographical information, physical catchment attributes, hydrological signatures, or a combination thereof to select donor catchments and to subsequently transfer their entire parameter sets to the ungauged receiver catchment. Each regionalization approach was tested in a leave-one-out cross-validation with a bucket-type catchment model (the HBV model) using 671 gauged catchments in the United States with a diverse hydroclimatology. We then evaluated regionalization performance for several hydrograph aspects, compared it against calibration and regionalization benchmarks, and linked it to catchment descriptors. The results of this large-sample regionalization study can be summarized in three major lessons: (a) Catchments can benefit from a well-chosen regionalization approach independent of their geographic region and independent of how well they can be modeled or regionalized at best. (b) Almost perfect donors exist for most catchments and an excellent relative model performance can be reached for most catchments with current regionalization approaches. This implies that there is considerable potential for improvement in the prediction in ungauged catchments. (c) The ranking of regionalization approaches depends on how the predicted hydrographs are evaluated. These findings indicate that a multi-criteria evaluation is essential for a robust assessment of regionalization performance.
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| 6. |
- Kvist, Linda, et al.
(author)
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A grounded theory study of Swedish women's experiences of inflammatory symptoms of the breast during breast feeding
- 2006
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In: Midwifery, 22, 137-146.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: to gain an understanding of the experiences of women who have had anepisode of inflammatory symptoms of the breast during lactation.Design: a grounded theory approach, inspired by Glaser and Strauss, was used in aninterview study.Setting: the study was carried out at a midwife-led breast-feeding clinic in Sweden.Participants: the strategic sample consisted of 14 mothers, all of whom had had anepisode of breast inflammation between 10 and 22 weeks before the interview. Ninewere primiparous. Ages ranged between 24 and 38 years.Findings: the analysis resulted in the emergence of one core category and fiveconceptual categories. The core category was the will to breast feed, and the fiveconceptual categories were perspectives on breast feeding, personal strategies,enduring and adjustment, support and causal frameworks. The core categorywas reflected in all the other categories and was dependent on them.Key conclusions and implications for practice: an episode of breast inflammation isa possible threat to the maintenance of breast feeding, but the will to breast feedmay make it possible for mothers to withstand physical and emotional difficultiescaused by the illness. Breast-feeding mothers may have chosen a goal for the lengthof time they wish to breast feed, and the attainment of this goal is prestige-filled.Midwives, throughout the chain of care, could improve the amount and type of information given about the demands and possible complications of breast feeding.The availability of immediate clinical expertise for these mothers is an important factor, and health-care planners should be aware of this.
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| 7. |
- Nord-Ljungquist, Helena, et al.
(author)
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"Time that save lives" while waiting for ambulance in rural environments
- 2021
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In: International Emergency Nursing. - : Elsevier. - 1755-599X .- 1878-013X. ; 59
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AimFirefighters perform first aid before the ambulance arrives in areas with a long response time in Sweden; this is called ‘While Waiting for the Ambulance’ (WWFA). The aim was to describe WWFA assignments in rural environments, focusing on frequency, event time, actions and survival >30 days after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was performed.MethodsRetrospective descriptive and comparative design.ResultsFirefighters in the northern part of Sweden were involved in 518 WWFA assignments between 2012 and 2016. From alarm call until ambulance dispatch, median time was 2:20 min; for firefighters, nearly four minutes. Median dispatch time at out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) (n = 52) was 1:40 min for ambulance and three minutes for firefighters. Maximal dispatch time was nearly 10 min for ambulance and 44 min for firefighters. Firefighters arrived first at the scene, after 17 min’ median, for 95 % of assignments, while the ambulance took nearly twice the amount of time. In OHCA situations, time for firefighters was over 19 min versus ambulance at nearly twice the time. CPR was terminated by ambulance staff at 83% (n = 43) of 52 when firefighters performed prolonged CPR. Return to spontaneous circulation after OHCA was 17%, and 9% were alive after >30 days.ConclusionThe efficiency of incident time and utilisation rate for WWFA assignments can be increased for the benefit of affected persons, especially in OHCA.
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| 8. |
- Beechey, Meredith, et al.
(author)
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The Rise and Fall of U.S. Inflation Persistence
- 2007
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This paper estimates the path of inflation persistence in the United States over the last 50 years and draws implications about the evolution of the Federal Reserve's monetary policy preferences. Standard models of central bank optimization predict that the central bank's preference for output stability is a determinant of inflation persistence. Hence, time variation of that preference should be reflected in changes in inflation persistence. We estimate an ARMA(1,q) model with a time-varying autoregressive parameter for monthly U.S. inflation data from 1955 to 2006.The coefficients provide an estimate of the inflation target and the path of inflation persistence. The estimated inflation target over the sample is approximately 2.8 percent and we find that inflation persistence declined substantially during Volcker and Greenspan's tenures to a level significantly less than one and significantly below that of the 1970s and early 1980s.
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| 9. |
- Gupta, Vikas, et al.
(author)
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Improving left ventricular segmentation in four-dimensional flow MRI using intramodality image registration for cardiac blood flow analysis
- 2018
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In: Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. - : WILEY. - 0740-3194 .- 1522-2594. ; 79:1, s. 554-560
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- PurposeAssessment of blood flow in the left ventricle using four-dimensional flow MRI requires accurate left ventricle segmentation that is often hampered by the low contrast between blood and the myocardium. The purpose of this work is to improve left-ventricular segmentation in four-dimensional flow MRI for reliable blood flow analysis. MethodThe left ventricle segmentations are first obtained using morphological cine-MRI with better in-plane resolution and contrast, and then aligned to four-dimensional flow MRI data. This alignment is, however, not trivial due to inter-slice misalignment errors caused by patient motion and respiratory drift during breath-hold based cine-MRI acquisition. A robust image registration based framework is proposed to mitigate such errors automatically. Data from 20 subjects, including healthy volunteers and patients, was used to evaluate its geometric accuracy and impact on blood flow analysis. ResultsHigh spatial correspondence was observed between manually and automatically aligned segmentations, and the improvements in alignment compared to uncorrected segmentations were significant (Pamp;lt;0.01). Blood flow analysis from manual and automatically corrected segmentations did not differ significantly (Pamp;gt;0.05). ConclusionOur results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach in improving left-ventricular segmentation in four-dimensional flow MRI, and its potential for reliable blood flow analysis. Magn Reson Med 79:554-560, 2018. (c) 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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| 10. |
- Jankowska, Elzbieta, et al.
(author)
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Long-term modulation of the axonal refractory period.
- 2022
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In: The European journal of neuroscience. - : Wiley. - 1460-9568 .- 0953-816X. ; 56:7, s. 4983-4999
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The main question addressed in this study was whether the refractoriness of nerve fibres can be modulated by their depolarisation and, if so, whether depolarisation of nerve fibres evokes a long-term decrease in the duration of the refractory period as well as the previously demonstrated increase in their excitability. This was investigated on nerve fibres within the dorsal columns, dorsal roots and peripheral nerves in deeply anaesthetised rats in vivo. The results revealed major differences depending on the sites of fibre stimulation and polarisation. Firstly, the relative refractory period was found to be shorter in epidurally stimulated dorsal column fibres than in fibres stimulated at other sites. Secondly, the minimal effective interstimulus intervals reflecting the absolute refractory period were likewise shorter for nerve fibres within the dorsal columns even though action potentials evoked by the second of a pair of stimuli were similarly delayed with respect to the preceding action potentials at all the stimulation sites. Thirdly, the minimal interstimulus intervals were reduced by epidurally applied cathodal direct current polarisation but not at other stimulation sites. Consequently, higher proportions of dorsal column fibres could be excited at higher frequencies, especially following their depolarisation, at interstimulus intervals as short as 0.5-0.7ms. The results demonstrate that epidural depolarisation results in long-lasting effects not only on the excitability but also on the refractoriness of dorsal column fibres. They also provide further evidence for specific features of afferent fibres traversing the dorsal columns previously linked to properties of their branching regions.
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