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- Gustafsson, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Burnout in Athletes
- 2018
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In: Handbuch Stressregulation und Sport. - Berlin : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 9783662493229 - 9783662493212 ; , s. 489-504
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Although most athletes do from time to time experience symptoms of fatigue and exhaustion, they are probably never near more maladaptive states such as burnout. Being physically tired after a long training camp or feeling drained after along season is normal for competitive athletes. After short recovery periods, the motivation for more training and new competitions quickly returns. However, a small number of athletes (1–2%) will experience a more serious and chronic state of exhaustion that eventually can lead to a total withdrawal from sport indicative of burnout. Among these are often the most ambitious and talented athletes which is problematic for talent development programs and a potential tragedy for the athlete (Gustafsson, Kenttä, Hassmén, and Lundqvist 2007). In this chapter we will give an overview of the athlete burnout literature. This includes a critical stance towards our current knowledge and how future research can increase our understanding of athlete burnout. Finally, we aim to present examples of how theory can inform practice, and we will make suggestions for prevention and treatment in order to help talented athletes avoid burnout symptoms and more severe forms of training maladaptation.
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| 2. |
- Hassmén, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Burnout symptoms and recovery processes in eight elite soccer coaches over 10 years
- 2019
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In: International journal of sports science & coaching. - : Sage Publications. - 1747-9541 .- 2048-397X. ; 14:4, s. 431-443
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Elite sport can be stressful, which increases the risk for burnout symptoms to develop. Especially when not balanced with sufficient recovery. To study the burnout–recovery process, eight elite soccer coaches were followed for 10 years. All eight were active elite coaches at the inception of this study and reported elevated emotional exhaustion scores on Maslach’s Burnout Inventory Educators Survey (MBI-ES). The coaches completed MBI-ES three additional times (year 3, 7, and 10), and they were also interviewed on the same occasions. At the 3-year follow-up, seven of the eight coaches reduced their exhaustion scores. The coach presenting with unchanged scores both at the 3 - and 7-year follow-up was the only one still coaching at the elite level. All coaches revealed during the interviews that they struggled to manage their work–life balance well; some worked too many hours, some experienced difficulty in managing conflicting role-demands, and some wrestled with external pressures. Their approach to recovery was, however, similar. Apart from moving away from coaching at the elite level, they unanimously mentioned that they changed their approach to coaching to make recovery possible. They achieved the latter by, for example, increasing control and delegating responsibility. According to our longitudinal results, burnout frequently regarded as an end-state can decrease over time. Provided that decisive action is taken to change situational factors and personal demands. This frequently meant withdrawing from coaching, which in turn explains why coach retention remains a serious challenge for most organizations with teams/athletes competing at the elite level. © The Author(s) 2019.
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| 3. |
- Hassmén, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Coach Burnout in Relation to Perfectionistic Cognitions and Self-Presentation
- 2020
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In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 17
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Coaching athletes is highly rewarding yet stressful, especially at the elite level wheremedia, fans, and sponsors can contribute to an environment that, if not well-managed by the coach,can lead to burnout. Coaches who display perfectionistic tendencies, such as striving for flawlessness,may be particularly vulnerable—even more so if they are overly critical of themselves and havea tendency to ruminate over their performance, or if they are attempting to convey an image offaultlessness, or both. A total of 272 coaches completed a battery of inventories assessing burnout,perfectionistic thoughts, and the tendency for perfectionistic self-presentation. All variables correlatedsignificantly: coaches with higher scores on exhaustion scored higher both on perfectionistic thoughtsand self-presentation. However, when three subscales of perfectionistic self-presentation wereconsidered separately, lower and nonsignificant correlations emerged. We believe that this can beexplained by the heterogeneous group of coaches participating in this study. Whereas all coaches mayat times ruminate privately—self-oriented perfectionism—about their perceived failure to performto expectations, not all may feel the pressure to present themselves to others as faultless—a moresocially prescribed perfectionism. This finding warrants further investigation, preferably comparingcoaches at dierent levels of public scrutiny.
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| 4. |
- Kalén, Anton, et al.
(author)
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Talent selection strategies and relationship with success in European basketball national team programs
- 2021
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In: Frontiers in Psychology. - Lausanne : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is limited knowledge of the talent selection strategies used by national sporting organizations to identify and develop talented players in basketball. Therefore, we aimed to explore differences in selection strategies between European youth basketball national team programs, and how they relate to the program’s success. Specifically, we examined differences in the number of youth national team players and within-country variance in the 1988-1999 generations between 38 countries (n men = 38, women = 32). Further, we tested if the number of youth national team players and within-country variance was related to the national teams senior ranking, youth ranking, and youth-to-senior player promotion, using generalized Bayesian multilevel models. We further checked the moderating effect of the sport’s popularity in each country.On average, 15.6 ± 2.0 male and 12.4 ± 1.8 female players were selected per generation. Over a third of the national teams consistently selected a higher or lower number of players than the average, with a difference of 8.1 players (95% CI [5.8, 10.8]) for men and 7.6 players (95% CI [5.4, 10.0]) for women between the countries with the highest and lowest average. When licensed players were used as moderator, the differences decreased but did not disappear, in both genders. There was an above 99.2% probability that a higher number of players was positively related to higher men’s senior and youth rankings, and women’s youth ranking. Within countries, generations with a higher number of youth players generated more senior players, with a probability of 98.4% on the men’s, and 97.3% on the women’s side. When licensed players were used as moderator, the probabilities for these relationships remained largely unaffected, apart from women’s youth ranking, which sank to 80.5%.In conclusion, the selection strategy in basketball national team programs varies between European countries and selecting a higher number of players possibly relates to better long-term performance and more players promoted to the senior national teams. These findings show that talent development programs should make conscious decisions about their selection strategies as it can affect their success.
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| 5. |
- Kalén, Anton, et al.
(author)
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The influence of initial selection age, relative age effect and country long-term performance on the re-selection process in European basketball youth national teams
- 2021
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In: Journal of Sports Sciences. - Oxon : Routledge. - 0264-0414 .- 1466-447X. ; 39:4, s. 388-394
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aims of the study were to: (a) analyse the re-selection patterns in European youth basketball national teams, and (b) investigate how the chance of re-selection is influenced by the initial selection age and relative age of the players, as well as the long-term performance of the country at the youth level. The sample consisted of 8362 basketball players (5038 men, 3324 women) born 1988-1997 who have participated in at least one U16, U18 or U20 European youth basketball championship between 2004 and 2017. The results from the survival analysis showed that around 75% of male and 80% of female players participating in a championship were re-selected the following year. Also, initial selection age, relative age effect, and the country long-term performance influenced the re-selection rates, with relationships being different between men and women. To conclude, the results of the present study show that the re-selection process by which players progress in European youth national basketball teams is complex and influenced by several different factors.
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| 8. |
- Lundkvist, Erik, Fil Dr, 1978-
(author)
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Golf för nya vänner : slutrapport
- 2022
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Denna rapport sammanfattar det av Arvsfonden och Riksidrottsförbundet finansierade projektet ”Golf för nya vänner”. Huvudsyftet med projektet var att nå ut med golfsporten till nyanlända och delvis etablerade personer med invandrarbakgrund. Andra delsyften fanns också och de var framförallt att använda att använda golfen för att skapa möjligheter till att få nya sociala nätverk via golfklubbarna och att dessa i förlängningen skulle kunna generera andra utfall som språkträning, kontakter för att få jobb eller bara att få vänner med stark bakgrund i det svenska samhället. Data till projektet har samlats in via intervjuer med nyckelpersoner i och runt projektet samt avstämningar med hur många deltagare olika delar av projektet haft.Sammanställning av den data som finns ser vi att ungefär 20 procent av de som startar i projektet tar grönt kort och ungefär tio procent fortsätter att spela efter det att de tagit grönt kort. Det verkar tydligt att det är lite enklare att få äldre personer att fortsätta spela medan personer under 30 oftare slutar trots att de tagit grönt kort. Ofta ser detta ut att bero på faktorer som inte bara har med vad de tycker om golfsporten att göra utan tidsbrist kopplade till skola, jobb och familj ser ut att spela in. Projektet har haft svårt att nå ut till flickor och kvinnor. Detta är inte unikt för detta projekt varken jämfört med golfen i stort eller idrott för personer med utomeuropeiskt ursprung men ska ändå tas i beaktning. Jämfört med andra liknande projekt som på liknande sätt försökt nå ut till personer utanför golfen och få dem att bli golfare står sig utfallen trots allt bra och de osäkerheterna kopplade till pandemin bör teoretiskt göra att siffrorna från Golf för nya vänner är lägre än de hade kunnat vara. De bi-effekter som vi börjat se i projektet med ”trickle down-effekter” där barn till personer som varit med också engagerats i knatteverksamhet är väldigt intressanta och tyder på att Golf för nya vänner trots allt lyckats sätta stora spår hos vissa deltagare. De engagerade klubbarna har med tiden börjat lära sig strategier för rekrytering där ”gatekeepers” som varit med i projektet själva engagerar sig i rekryteringsprocessen. Om klubbar ligger i mindre kommuner med närmare vägar till nödvändiga kommunkontakter jämfört med större kommuner med längre väg till dessa kontakter skiljer sig dessa strategier något. Andra bieffekter kan vara rent ekonomiska för klubbar där samhällsengagemanget de visar i inkluderingsfrågor också förenklar kontakter med makthavare och ökar intresse från sponsorer.
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| 9. |
- Lundkvist, Erik, Fil Dr, 1978-, et al.
(author)
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Integration of immigrant youth in Sweden : Does sport participation really have an impact?
- 2020
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In: International Journal of Adolescence and Youth. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 0267-3843 .- 2164-4527. ; 25:1, s. 891-906
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sport participation for youth with immigrant background is often argued to play an important role for migrant youth integration into their new host society. Although few well sampled longitudinal studies has been conducted. The aim of this study was to study the impact that sport participation has on two integration-related outcomes (problem behaviours and native friends) by using the Swedish version of the longitudinal CILS4EU study. The multi-group latent growth curve models showed that although youth active or starting in sport independent of immigrant background did less problem behaviours and had more native friends than their peers with the same immigrant background that was not engaged in sport. However, the trajectories were very similar and often very close to zero, which makes it difficult to claim that sport participation has any significant impact on integration in the Swedish society.
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| 10. |
- Lundkvist, Erik, Fil Dr, 1978-, et al.
(author)
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Relating Competitive Golfers’ Perceived Emotions and Performance
- 2021
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In: Perceptual and Motor Skills. - Thousand Oaks : Sage Publications. - 0031-5125 .- 1558-688X. ; 128:4, s. 1549-1568
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present study examined relationships between golfers’ self-perceived emotions (e.g., irritability, nervousness, tension), task-oriented coping, perceived control, and performance during a golf competition. We implemented a process-oriented golf analysis in which competitors rated these variables hole-by-hole in a competitive golf round. Within a two-level Bayesian multivariate autoregressive model, we showed that (a) within persons, emotions and task-oriented coping were reactions that stemmed from performance on the previous hole; and (b) between persons, player skill level predicted both better scores and the ability to limit the influence of negative affect on performance. These findings highlight the complex nature of the relationship between emotions and performance. Future studies might use a similarly ecologically valid research design to more precisely measure aspects of time and potentially moderating effects of player skill level and personality. An increased understanding of the dynamic relationship between emotions and performance can promote the development of effective psychological interventions for optimal performance outcomes.
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