| 1. |
- Maddux, Rachel, et al.
(author)
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Select comorbid personality disorders and the treatment of chronic depression with nefazodone, targeted psychotherapy, or their combination.
- 2009
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In: Journal of Affective Disorders. - : Elsevier BV. - 1573-2517 .- 0165-0327. ; 117:3, s. 174-179
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Individuals with chronic depression respond poorly to both medication and psychotherapy. The reasons for the poorer response, however, remain unclear. One potential factor is the presence of comorbid Axis II personality disorders (PDs), which occur at high rates among these patients. METHODS: This study examines the moderating influence of co-occurring PDs, primarily in cluster C, among 681 chronically depressed adult outpatients who were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of treatment with nefazodone, a specialized psychotherapy for chronic depression, or their combination. RESULTS: At baseline, 50.4% (n=343) of patients met criteria for one or more Axis II disorders. Following 12 weeks of treatment, patients with comorbid PDs had statistically lower depression scores (M=12.2, SD=+9.2) than patients without comorbid PDs (M=13.5, SD=+8.7). There was no differential impact of a comorbid PD on responsiveness to medication versus psychotherapy. The results did not change when the data were analyzed using an intent-to-treat sample or when individual personality disorders were examined separately. LIMITATIONS: Patients with severe borderline, antisocial, and schizotypal PDs were excluded from study entry; therefore, these data primarily apply to patients with cluster C PDs and may not generalize to other Axis II conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbid Axis II disorders did not negatively affect treatment outcome and did not differentially affect response to psychotherapy versus medication. Treatment formulations for chronically depressed patients with certain PDs may not need to differ from treatment formulations of chronically depressed patients without co-occurring PDs.
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| 2. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(author)
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A Structural Validation of an Inventory Based on the Abridged Five Factor Circumplex Model (AB5C)
- 2009
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In: Journal of Personality Assessment. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1532-7752 .- 0022-3891. ; 91:5, s. 462-472
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We investigated the structural validity of an inventory from the International Personality Item Pool (Goldberg et al., 2006) that is based on the Abridged Five Factor Circumplex (AB5C) model. In a Swedish sample of 1,080 subjects using confirmatory factor analysis, we found that the majority of investigated facets had a primary loading on 1 of the 5 personality factors and a secondary loading on another factor. These results provide overall support for the inventory and indirect support for the AB5C model. Some of the problems detected in the inventory appear to be rooted at the item level and may be a result of how the AB5C is operationalized. Thus, the inventory still requires some refinement and is not in its final stage of development. Nevertheless, our preliminary results are very promising, and we believe the AB5C model deserves renewed attention in trait psychology.
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| 3. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(author)
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The NB5I: A full-scale Big-Five inventory with evaluatively neutralized items
- 2023
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In: European Journal of Psychological Assessment. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 2151-2426 .- 1015-5759. ; 39:2, s. 132-140
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Personality is usually measured by means of self-ratings. Despite some drawbacks, the method is here to stay, and improving on it, particularly regarding social desirability, is essential. One way to do this is evaluative neutralization, that is, to rephrase items such that it is less obvious to the respondent what would be a desirable response. We present a 120-item evaluatively neutralized five-factor inventory and compare it to the IPIP-NEO (Goldberg et al., 2006). Psychometric analyses revealed that the new inventory has high factor homogeneity, relatively independent facets with acceptable homogeneity and normally distributed ratings, and relatively evaluatively neutral ratings (as indicated by the level of item popularity). In sum, this new inventory captures the same personality variance as other five-factor inventories but with less influence from individual differences in evaluative responding, resulting in less correlation between factors and a factor structure more in line with the simple structure model than many other five-factor inventories. Evaluatively neutralized inventories should be particularly useful when the factor structure is central to the research question and focuses on discriminant validity, such as identifying theoretically valid relationships between personality traits and other concepts.
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| 4. |
- Daukantaitė, Daiva, et al.
(author)
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Five-week yin yoga-based interventions decreased plasma adrenomedullin and increased psychological health in stressed adults : A randomized controlled trial
- 2018
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In: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 13:7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs, e.g. cardiovascular disease) are responsible for high rates of morbidity and the majority of premature deaths worldwide. It is necessary to develop preventative interventions that can reduce the associated risk factors of NCDs. Researchers have found that the biomarker adrenomedullin (ADM) becomes elevated years before the onset of NCDs and might play an important role in their development. ADM has also been linked to psychological problems such as stress, anxiety, and depression, which are known risk factors of NCDs. In this randomized controlled trial, we examined whether participating in a five-week yoga intervention reduces ADM and increases psychological health in middle-aged adults who self-report as moderately to highly stressed, but who otherwise exhibit no physical complaints.METHODS: One hundred and five adults (78% women; mean age = 53.5, SD = 6.7) were randomly assigned to (1) a five-week Yin yoga intervention, (2) a five-week intervention combining Yin yoga with psychoeducation and mindfulness practice (called the YOMI program), or (3) a control group who did not practice yoga or mindfulness for five weeks.RESULTS: Compared to the control group, we observed significantly greater pre-post reductions in plasma ADM levels (p < .001), anxiety (p ≤ .002), and sleep problems (p ≤ .003) in both intervention groups. Furthermore, the YOMI group exclusively showed significantly greater pre-post reductions in stress (p = .012) and depression (p = .021) compared to the control group. Significant correlations (p < .05) were found between pre-post reductions in ADM and anxiety symptoms (p = .02) and depression (p = .04) in the entire sample.CONCLUSION: The five-week Yin yoga-based interventions appeared to reduce both the physiological and psychological risk factors known to be associated with NCDs. The study suggests that incorporating Yin yoga could be an easy and low-cost method of limiting the negative health effects associated with high stress.TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03428542.
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| 5. |
- Edwards, Deidre M., et al.
(author)
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Anxiolytic Drugs
- 2008
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In: Psychiatry. - Chichester, UK : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. - 9780470065716 ; , s. 2223-2253
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This chapter provides a brief history of the evolution of medications used to treat anxiety and anxiety disorders, as described in the Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). We also summarize the efficacy and adverse effects data from clinical trials for these medications. Medication classes reviewed include antidepressants, benzodiazepines, beta-blockers, anticonvulsants, and antipsychotics. Treatment outcomes and clinical implications are reviewed for each of the individual medication classes.
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| 6. |
- Maddux, Rachel, et al.
(author)
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A Case of Depressive Personality Disorder: Aligning Theory, Practice, and Clinical Research
- 2014
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In: Personality Disorders-Theory Research and Treatment. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1949-2723 .- 1949-2715. ; 5:1, s. 117-124
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Depressive personality disorder (DPD) is highly studied and common in clinical settings. Nevertheless, it is rife with controversies and often overshadowed by major depression and dysthymia with which it shares many similarities but also is clinically distinct. Possibly as a result, DPD is underdiagnosed and misunderstood in clinical care. Thus the goal of this practice review is to present a case from psychiatric clinical work illustrating how DPD may be commonly overlooked in routine care, and how the conceptualization of this case and its treatment plan changed course once DPD was considered by treating staff, ultimately contributing to the successful outcome of the case. Questions elicited by the case are subsequently discussed in the context of the empirical literature on DPD, allowing for a clearer picture to emerge on DPD and its role in the development, course, and treatment of depression.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Maddux, Rachel
(author)
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Depressive Personality Disorder : Construct, measurement, clinical correlates, and treatment outcome
- 2012
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Depression is a serious and potentially devastating health problem, impacting millions of individuals worldwide. Although advances have been made in depression research, there remain a number of outstanding questions as to why certain individuals experience depression and why some respond to treatment and others do not. The present research takes a starting-point in the hypothesis that the existence of depressive personality traits (depressive personality disorder, DPD) may contribute in providing some answers to these questions. The purpose was to garner descriptive information about this type of maladaptive personality – DPD – in both non-clinical and clinical samples, and to examine DPD in terms of its clinical correlates, stability over time, and potential influence on treatment response for individuals with psychopathology in general and depression in particular. These objectives were carried out in a series of three empirical studies. Study 1 (Paper I) was designed to evaluate a translated Swedish version of the Depressive Personality Disorder Inventory, to determine its psychometric properties and suitability for use with Swedish samples. Among the 255 non-clinical volunteers who participated in the study, approximately 1 in 10 individuals qualified for DPD, and compared to those without, those with DPD reported statistically higher levels of depression, anxiety, worry, and rumination, and statistically lower levels of self-esteem, optimism, hope, and life quality. Study 2 (Paper II) took the investigation to a clinical sample of 159 clients receiving psychological services at a University clinic. A large percentage of those entering treatment - 44% - qualified for DPD, and these individuals had a comparatively more severe clinical presentation than those without DPD. The presence of DPD did not adversely affect psychotherapy outcome; rather those with DPD showed greater improvements in depression and global symptom severity as compared to those without DPD. Only 11% of the sample endorsed DPD at treatment endpoint. Study 3 (Paper III) examined a large group of psychiatric outpatients with chronic major depression (N=680), who were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of treatment with an antidepressant, nefazodone (200-600 mg/day), the Cognitive Behavioral-Analysis System of Psychotherapy (16-20 sessions), or their combination. Thirty six percent of this sample was diagnosed with DPD prior to treatment. Results indicated that DPD did not negatively impact depression outcome in any treatment modality; however, it remains unclear as to whether treatment was successful in the remediation of DPD since it was measured only at baseline. Taken together, this collection of studies convincingly demonstrates that individuals with DPD experience significant psychological distress, but they appear to respond as well or better than individuals without DPD to various types of treatment. Thus, DPD should not be viewed as an impediment to successful outcomes. Further, DPD itself appears to resolve for many individuals over the course of treatment, although future experimental work is needed to determine whether treatment is causal in the amelioration of these traits.
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