| 1. |
- Smith, Jennifer A, et al.
(author)
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Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment
- 2016
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In: Nature (London). - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 533:7604, s. 539-542
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Educational attainment is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are estimated to account for at least 20% of the variation across individuals. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for educational attainment that extends our earlier discovery sample of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication study in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with the number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioural phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because educational attainment is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric diseases.
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| 2. |
- Lee, James J, et al.
(author)
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Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals.
- 2018
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In: Nature genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1546-1718 .- 1061-4036. ; 50:8, s. 1112-1121
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Here we conducted a large-scale genetic association analysis of educational attainment in a sample of approximately 1.1million individuals and identify 1,271independent genome-wide-significant SNPs. For the SNPs taken together, we found evidence of heterogeneous effects across environments. The SNPs implicate genes involved in brain-development processes and neuron-to-neuron communication. In a separate analysis of the X chromosome, we identify 10independent genome-wide-significant SNPs and estimate a SNP heritability of around 0.3% in both men and women, consistent with partial dosage compensation. A joint (multi-phenotype) analysis of educational attainment and three related cognitive phenotypes generates polygenic scores that explain 11-13% of the variance in educational attainment and 7-10% of the variance in cognitive performance. This prediction accuracy substantially increases the utility of polygenic scores as tools in research.
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| 3. |
- Edvardsson, Bo, 1952-, et al.
(author)
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Customer integration within service development : A review of methods and an analysis of insitu and exsitu contributions
- 2012
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In: Technovation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4972 .- 1879-2383. ; 32:7-8, s. 419-429
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article aims to contribute to a better understanding of how to integrate customerswithinservicedevelopment by assessing different methods of obtaining use information. The article reviews and classifies methods for customerintegration and it also presents a new framework that suggests four modes of customerintegration in which data is classified either as insitu (data captured in a customer's use situation) or exsitu (data captured outside the use situation) and as either incontext or excontext. Context is defined as a resource constellation that is available for customers to enable value co-creation. Accordingly, incontext refers to methods in which the customer is in the actual use context and has access to various resources, while excontext refers to a situation in which the customer is outside the use context and, therefore, has no direct access to the resources.
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| 8. |
- Le Masson, Pascal, et al.
(author)
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Towards an Understanding of User Involvement Contribution to the Design of Mobile Telecommunications Services
- 2002
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In: The 9th International Product Development Management Conference, May 27-28, 2002. - Sophia Antipolis, France. ; , s. 497-511, s. 497-511
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Previous research into user involvement in service innovation has found that the effective contribution of users might be minor, since users ’ ideas are generally non-feasible. We have assumed that this might have to do with the way ideas were processed by the company, i.e. the idea selection process. We have therefore proposed and tested a new way of utilising the users ’ ideas, called generative model revision. This new approach has unveiled new potential contributions through user involvement. While previous approaches in user involvement have been directed at gaining rather short-term returns, the new approach advocated in the paper has a longer horizon, and is more focused on reframing the companies ’ businesses. The proposed approach is complementary rather than exclusive to the existing ones.
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| 9. |
- Magnusson, Peter R, 1960-
(author)
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Benefits of Involving Users in Service Innovation
- 2003
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In: European Journal of Innovation Management. - Bingley, UK : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1460-1060. ; 6:4, s. 228-238
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Past research has demonstrated that industrial customers can, in effect, bring about product innovation among their suppliers. However, little seems to be known as to whether consumers are also potential inventors of new services. Presents results from an empirical study with the objective of exploring whether ordinary users can contribute novel service ideas regarding mobile telephony. An experimental approach was used to compare the characteristics of new services suggested by ordinary users with services suggested by professional developers. It was found that the service innovations suggested by the users were more creative and useful than those suggested by the professionals. On the other hand, the suggestions of the professionals were deemed easier to produce. Concludes with a discussion on the contributions and limitations of user involvement, wherein the organisational role of the users involved is discussed. Also makes a proposal regarding how to further investigate the potential of the user as a co-worker in the innovation process.
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| 10. |
- Magnusson, Peter R, 1960-, et al.
(author)
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Exploring Ideation Patterns among Ordinary Users : The Case of Mobile Telecommunication Services
- 2007
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In: Extreme Customization.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Managers aiming at utilizing the potential of involving ordinary users in ideation for innovation have at the present very little guidance from the existing literature regarding how to do this in an adequate way. This paper aims filling this knowledge gap by contributing to a better understanding of how users contribute to, and how they could adequately be managed in the ideation process of technology-based services. This is accomplished by identifying and investigating different ideation patterns and their effects on the created ideas’ characteriztics, in the context of mobile telephony services. The paper is based on a quasi-experimental study lasting over twelve days involving 56 ordinary users and 12 professionals as idea creators. Three different groups of users and one reference group of professionals were used. The paper inductively identifies four different ideation patterns that lead to different types of ideas in regard to their innovativeness (incremental/radical). These are further related to the existing literature. The paper concludes with managerial implications regarding how to manage this type of user involvement in order to obtain either more incremental or more radical ideas.
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