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- Malmberg, Bo, 1958-, et al.
(author)
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How mathematics built the modern world
- 2023
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In: Works in Progress. ; 13
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Mathematics was the cornerstone of the Industrial Revolution. A new paradigm of measurement and calculation, more than scientific discovery, built industry, modernity, and the world we inhabit today.
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- Falk Windisch, Hannes, 1984, et al.
(author)
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Determination of the oxide scale growth mechanism using 18O-tracer experiments in combination with Transmission Electron Microscopy and nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
- 2018
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In: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier BV. - 1044-5803. ; 136, s. 128-133
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two-stage 18 O 2 / 16 O 2 exposures can be used to investigate the effect that alloying elements, secondary phases, or surface treatments have on the high temperature oxidation behaviour of certain materials. During subsequent exposures to 16 O 2 - and 18 O 2 -rich atmospheres, 16 O- and 18 O-rich layers are formed. Analysis of the layers using Seco ndary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiling allows for conclusions to be drawn about the oxide scale growth mechanism. The conclusions are, however, not entirely unambiguous due to the limited lateral resolution of the technology. Rough surface topography and the thickness variation of the oxide scale over the analysed volume add to the ambiguity of the findings. In this study, an Fe-20%Cr alloy was exposed to both 18 O- and 16 O-rich environments at 850 °C. Two methods were used to analyse the thermally grown Cr 2 O 3 scale: (1) traditional SIMS depth profiling and (2) preparation of a cross-sectional lamellae for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), which, subsequently, was analysed in a NanoSIMS. The NanoSIMS 16 O and 18 O elemental maps were then superimposed on the TEM image. In comparison with traditional SIMS depth profiling, the nanoSIMS elemental maps reveal detailed information about local oxide growth in different parts of an oxide scale. Moreover, a clear 16 O/ 18 O interface can be seen in the nanoSIMS maps, which is not the case in the sputter depth profiles. The findings of this study show that the aforementioned issues associated with sputter depth profiling can be eliminated by mapping a cross-section of an oxide scale using high resolution nanoSIMS.
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| 3. |
- Hagen, Johannes, 1986-, et al.
(author)
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A cofinancing model for disability insurance and local government employers
- 2022
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In: Social Policy & Administration. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0144-5596 .- 1467-9515. ; 56:4, s. 661-680
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Employer cofinancing in disability insurance (DI) systems aims to reduce the inflow to DI by making employers internalise their DI costs. We evaluate a cofinancing system for the local government sector in Sweden inspired by the literature on yardstick competition. In the system, local governments are responsible for the DI of their employees, while being compensated by the central government for their expected DI payments. The arrangement essentially eliminates the large fiscal externalities associated with DI. Also, the arrangement can be implemented within current administrative setups, and the design credibly ensures that no extra costs are imposed on the local government sector in the aggregate. Drawing on Swedish employer-employee matched data, we show that the net transfers implied by the scheme are quite large as a share of DI payments, but sufficiently small as a share of tax payments to not be onerous, and that they only marginally increase regional inequality.
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| 4. |
- Hagen, Johannes, 1986-, et al.
(author)
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Ekonomiska drivkrafter vid hälsorelaterade utträden ur arbetslivet
- 2020
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Både offentliga och privata arbetstagarförsäkringar måste ge arbetsgivare och arbetstagare drivkrafter att använda försäkringen vid rätt tillfälle. Internationellt har man försökt stärka dessa drivkrafter genom olika självförsäkringslösningar där arbetsgivaren påförs en del av kostnadsansvaret. Den här rapporten analyserar ett möjligt självförsäkringssystem inom den offentliga sjukersättningen (tidigare förtidspensionen), en av Sveriges största arbetstagarförsäkringar. Självförsäkringssystemet innebär att kommuner och regioner bär sjukersättningskostnaderna för sina anställda, men kompenseras av staten för sina förväntade kostnader. Den förväntade kostnaden för en kommun eller en region baseras på sammansättningen av dess arbetskraft. Denna konstruktion förstärker kommuners och regioners drivkrafter att undvika sjukersättning för sina äldre anställda, till exempel genom förebyggande arbetsmiljöarbete och rehabiliteringsinsatser på arbetsplatsen. Systemet är enkelt att införa inom nuvarande administrativa system, och designen tillförsäkrar på ett trovärdigt sätt att inga extra kostnader påförs kommunsektorn som helhet. Vid oförändrade uttag leder systemet endast till måttliga omfördelningseffekter mellan olika kommuner och regioner. Den viktigaste utmaningen med ett självförsäkringssystem är att undvika att folk med underliggande hälsoproblem blir mindre attraktiva på arbetsmarknaden.
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| 9. |
- Malmberg, Hannes, 1988-
(author)
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Human Capital in Development Accounting and Other Essays in Economics
- 2017
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Human Capital and Development Accounting Revisited. I quantify the effects on development accounting of allowing for imperfectly substitutable labor services. To estimate the degree of substitutability between skilled and unskilled labor services in a cross-country setting, it is sufficient to estimate the relative price of skilled labor services, and I develop a novel method for estimating this relative price using international trade data. My method exploits the negative relationship between relative prices of skilled labor services and relative export values in skill-intensive industries. I find an approximately constant elasticity of substitution with a value of about 1.3. When integrating my results into a development accounting exercise, I find that efficiency differences in skilled labor are more important than uniform efficiency differences in explaining world income differences. Under the traditional development accounting assumption of neutral technology differences, the skilled labor efficiency differences reflect human capital quality differences, and human capital differences can explain a majority of world income differences. Relaxing the assumption of neutral technology differences, an alternative explanation is that there are large skill-biased technology differences between rich and poor countries.Price Level Determination When Tax Payments Are Required in Money. We formalize the idea that the price level can be determined by a requirement that taxes be paid in money. We show that if households have to pay a money tax of a fixed real value and the money supply is constant, there is a unique stationary price level, and a continuum of non-stationary deflationary equilibria. The non-stationary equilibria can be excluded if we introduce an arbitrarily lax borrowing constraint. Thus, in the basic model, tax requirements can uniquely determine the price level. When money has liquidity value, tax requirements can exclude self-fulfilling hyperinflations.Swedish Unemployment Dynamics. We decompose the sources of unemployment variations into contributions from variations in different labor market flows. We develop a decomposition method that allows for a distinction between permanent and temporary employment and slow convergence to the steady state, and we apply the method to the Swedish labor market for the period 1987-2012. Variations in unemployment are driven to an approximately equal degree by variations in (i) flows from unemployment to employment, (ii) flows from employment to unemployment, and (iii) flows in and out of the labor force. Flows involving temporary contracts account for 44% of unemployment variation, even though temporary workers only constitute 13% of the working-age population. Neglecting out-of-steady-state dynamics leads to an overestimation of the importance of flows involving permanent contracts.Supply Chain Risk and the Pattern of Trade. This paper analyzes the interaction of supply chain risk and trade patterns. We construct a model where an industry's risk sensitivity is determined by the number of customized components that it uses, and countries with a low supply chain risk specialize in risk-sensitive goods. Based on our theory, we construct an empirical measure of risk sensitivity from input-output tables and customization measures. Using industry-level trade data and a variety of risk proxies, we show that countries with a low supply chain risk disproportionately export risk-sensitive goods.
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