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- Gutierrez Salas, Mauricio
(author)
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Development of Accurate Reduced Order Models in a Simulation Tool for Turbomachinery Aeromechanical Phenomena
- 2018
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Modern gas turbines are still vulnerable to vibrations when operated at certain speeds. This unstable environment can lead to high cycle fatigue (HCF) and damage several of the components inside the turbine. Since engineers are striving to increase the turbines’ efficiency with thinner and more complex blade shapes, these critical speeds will always be present. For these reasons, aeromechanical analyses that is the study of structural and aerodynamic forces need to be assessed with a high level of accuracy. Since this type of analysis are very computational expensive, reduced order models (ROMs) are utilized to decrease the degrees of freedom (DoF) for a faster computation without compromising the accuracy. The present work focuses on cyclic and noncyclic ROMs implemented in an already existing aeroelastic tool, with different characteristics in their condensation and ease of usage depending on the analysis. The AROMA (Aeroelastic Reduced Order Model Analysis) tool has been previously developed to predict the fatigue life of turbomachinery blades with the use of ROMs. The aim of this work has been to improve the tool in terms of accuracy, flexibility and speed, by employing additional reduction methods capable to predict forced responses analysis of large industrial-size models. The understanding of an aeroelastic phenomena would not be complete if mistuning is not considered in the analysis. A mistuned bladed-disk means that all its sectors do not share the same mass and stiffness properties, which in reality this is the case. Mistuning can be addressed as probabilistic, taking into account the manufacturing tolerances and wear of the bladed disk, or it can be assessed as deterministic, also known as intentional mistuning. The latter is achieved to increase the flutter stability by breaking the circumferential traveling waves modes due to energy confinement, and also to have a certain understanding of the forced response amplitude, which helps in designing for worst and best case scenarios. The ROMs that have been incorporated in the AROMA tool are known as the component mode synthesis (CMS) and subset nominal mode (SNM) approaches. The CMS is split into two branches, these are the fixed- and freeinterface methods known as Craig-Bampton (CB) and Craig-Chang (CC), respectively. An intensive study with numerical and experimental validation has been performed for these three reduction methods. The outcome of the study is that each of these methods have their own drawbacks and benefits depending on the aeromechanical analysis problem. The SNM showed that it produces fast computations, with high level of accuracy when the mistuning level is low. On the other hand, a novel and unique approach, Craig-Chang multisubstructuring (CCMS), demonstrated fast computations and high accuracy when the mistuning level is high.
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| 2. |
- Martel, Carlos, et al.
(author)
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Specialization for tachinid fly pollination in the phenologically divergent varieties of the orchid Neotinea ustulata
- 2021
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In: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-701X. ; 9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Despite increased focus on elucidating the various reproductive strategies employed by orchids, we still have only a rather limited understanding of deceptive pollination systems that are not bee- or wasp-mediated. In Europe, the orchid Neotinea ustulata has been known to consist of two phenologically divergent varieties, neither of which provide rewards to its pollinators. However, detailed studies of their reproductive biology have been lacking. Our study aimed to characterize and understand the floral traits (i.e., morphology, color, and scent chemistry) and reproductive biology of N. ustulata. We found that the two varieties differ in all their floral traits; furthermore, while Neotinea ustulata var. ustulata appears to be pollinated by both bees (e.g., Anthophora, Bombus) and flies (e.g., Dilophus, Tachina), var. aestivalis is pollinated almost entirely by flies (i.e., Nowickia, Tachina). Tachinids were also found to be much more effective than bees in removing pollinaria, and we show experimentally that they use the characteristic dark inflorescence top as a cue for approaching inflorescences. Our results thus suggest that while both N. ustulata varieties rely on tachinids for pollination, they differ in their degree of specialization. Further studies are, however, needed to fully understand the reproductive strategy of N. ustulata varieties.
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