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- Alijagic, Andi, 1992-, et al.
(author)
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Characteristics and health risks of the inhalable fraction of metal additive manufacturing powders
- 2024
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In: Nano Select. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 2688-4011. ; 5:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is gaining traction but raises worker health concerns due to micron-sized powders, including fine inhalable particles. This study explored particle and surface characteristics, electrochemical properties, metal release in artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF), and potential toxicity of virgin and sieved virgin Fe-based powders, stainless steel (316L), Fe, and two tooling steels. Virgin particles ranged in size from 1 to 100μm, while sieved particles were within the respirable size range (<5–10μm). Surface oxide composition differed from bulk composition. The Fe powder showed low corrosion resistance and high metal release due to a lack of protective surface oxide. Sieved particles of 316L, Fe, and one tooling steel released more metals into ALF than virgin particles, with the opposite was observed for the other tooling steel. Sieved particles had no notable impact on cell viability or micronuclei formation in human bronchial epithelial cells. Inflammatory response in human macrophages was generally low, except for the Fe powder and one tooling steel, which induced increased interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL-2) secretion. This study underscores distinctions between virgin and sieved Fe-based powders and suggests relatively low acute toxicity.
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| 2. |
- Rännar, Lars-Erik, 1973-, et al.
(author)
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Surface topography development of Electron beam-melted materials - a historical review
- 2019
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In: Proceedings Euromat 2019. - Stockholm.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction/Purpose Additive manufacturing in metal is developed rapidly, with regard to both equipment and materials. A recurring question from the industry in particular is how the development has been in a historical perspective and what one can expect from the future. This study aims to make a historical overview, from the early 2000s to today, of the surface roughness of materials manufactured using the powder bed fusion technology Electron Beam Melting (EBM). Methods Surfaces of specimens manufactured in tool steel (H13) and titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V) will be characterized using different methods such as focusvariation technology and scanning electron microscopy. Results The surface roughness is presented and shows the historical development of different materials, and different EBM-systems. Conclusions Being in the middle of a constantly evolving technology as AM in metal, it can be hard to predict future developments and this study shows there has been a great improvement in surface finishes from the early 2000s to the present. These results might add some information for discussions on future developments and directions concerning the area of surface smoothness and EBM.
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