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- Bogdanović, Renée Marie, et al.
(författare)
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(R)-[(11)C]PK11195 brain uptake as a biomarker of inflammation and antiepileptic drug resistance : Evaluation in a rat epilepsy model
- 2014
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Ingår i: Neuropharmacology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0028-3908 .- 1873-7064. ; 85, s. 104-112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neuroinflammation has been suggested as a key determinant of the intrinsic severity of epilepsy. Glial cell activation and associated inflammatory signaling can influence seizure thresholds as well as the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs. Based on these data, we hypothesized that molecular imaging of microglia activation might serve as a tool to predict drug refractoriness of epilepsy. Brain uptake of (R)-[(11)C]PK11195, a ligand of the translocator protein 18 kDa and molecular marker of microglia activation, was studied in a chronic model of temporal lobe epilepsy in rats with selection of phenobarbital responders and non-responders. In rats with drug-sensitive epilepsy, (R)-[(11)C]PK11195 brain uptake values were comparable to those in non-epileptic controls. Analysis in non-responders revealed enhanced brain uptake of up to 39% in different brain regions. The difference might be related to the fact that non-responders exhibited higher baseline seizure frequencies than responders indicating a more pronounced intrinsic disease severity. In hippocampal sections, ED1 immunostaining argued against a general difference in microglia activation between both groups. Our data suggest that TSPO PET imaging might serve as a biomarker for drug resistance in temporal lobe epilepsy. However, it needs to be considered that our findings indicate that the TSPO PET data might merely reflect seizure frequency. Future experimental and clinical studies should further evaluate the validity of TSPO PET data to predict the response to phenobarbital and other antiepileptic drugs in longitudinal studies with scanning before drug exposure and with a focus on the early phase following an epileptogenic brain insult.
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- Michler, Lena M., et al.
(författare)
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Moving Toward the Greener Side : Environmental Aspects Guiding Pastoral Mobility and Impacting Vegetation in the Dzungarian Gobi, Mongolia
- 2022
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Ingår i: Rangeland Ecology & Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 1550-7424 .- 1551-5028. ; 83, s. 149-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Livestock grazing often intensifies around herder camps, which can lead to degradation, particularly in arid areas, where vegetation is scarce. In Mongolia, nomadic herders have covered long distances between camps and changed camps regularly for centuries. However, changing socioeconomics, rising livestock numbers, and climatic change have led to growing concerns over rangeland health. To understand travel mobility and livestock grazing patterns, we combined Global Positioning System tracking data of goats, remotely sensing pasture productivity, and ground-based vegetation characteristics in the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area, Mongolia. We assessed herder preferences for camp selection, followed 19 livestock herds over 20 months, determined use and nutrient contents of the most dominant plant communities, and estimated plant species richness, vegetation cover, and biomass within different grazing radii around camps. Biomass availability was key for herder decisions to move camps, but in winter, other factors like shelter from wind were more important. Camps were mainly located in Stipa spp. communities, agreeing with herder preferences for this highly nutritious species, and its dominance around camps. Herders changed their camp locations on average 9 times yearly, with a maximum distance of 70–123 km between summer and winter camps, and an average visitation period of 25–49 d per camp, depending on season. Small livestock spent > 13−17 h daily within a radius of 100 m from camp, and livestock use intensity decreased steeply with distance from camp but was remarkably similar around spring, autumn, and winter camps on the Gobi plains. However, we found little evidence for a corresponding gradient in plant species richness, biomass, and cover on the Gobi plains. The high mobility of local herders and the overriding impact of precipitation on pasture dynamics contribute to a sustainable vegetation offtake by livestock in the nonequilibrium rangelands of the Dzungarian Gobi.
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- Michler, Lena M., et al.
(författare)
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To move or not to move—factors influencing small-scale herder and livestock movements in the Dzungarian Gobi, Mongolia
- 2023
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Ingår i: Regional Environmental Change. - 1436-3798 .- 1436-378X. ; 23:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Mongolia, where nomadic pastoralism is still practiced by around one-third of the population, increasing livestock numbers, socio-economic constraints and climate change raise concerns over rangeland health. Little empirical evidence explains what triggers camp moves of pastoralists in the Dzungarian Gobi in Mongolia, which factors influence grazing mobility around camps, and how altitudinal migration benefits small livestock. We combined GPS tracking data of 19 small livestock herds monitored from September 2018 to April 2020 with remotely sensed climate and environmental data. We used general linear-mixed models to analyse variables influencing camp use duration and daily mobility patterns. To understand the importance of the altitudinal migration, we compared climatic conditions along the elevation gradient and looked at seasonal body weight changes of small livestock. We found that available plant biomass and season best explained camp use duration. Daily walking distance and maximum distance from camp increased with camp use duration. Pasture time increased with increasing biomass and rising temperatures. We conclude that herders in the Dzungarian Gobi have optimized pasture use by reacting to changes in biomass availability at landscape and local scale, and by embracing altitudinal migration. Flexibility in grazing mobility seems to have enabled local herder communities to practise sustainable pasture use. Maintaining this mobility will most likely be the best strategy to deal with environmental change under the current climate change scenarios.
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- Pöllmann, P. J., et al.
(författare)
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Metastable phase formation of (Mo,Cr)2AlB2 MAB phase thin films revealed by theory and experiments
- 2024
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Ingår i: Materials Research Letters. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2166-3831. ; 12:1, s. 58-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A (Mo0.24Cr0.76)0.40Al0.32B0.28 thin film was deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering at 600 °C substrate temperature. Analysis by X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, elastic recoil detection analysis, and high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy revealed the formation of the previously unreported (Mo,Cr)2AlB2 MAB phase, along with Cr3AlB4, CrB4, and Mo, in good agreement with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Hence, the MAB phase family in the Mo-Cr-Al-B system is extended by a novel, quaternary member.
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