| 1. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(author)
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- 2010
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swepub:Mat__t
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| 2. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(author)
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- 2010
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swepub:Mat__t
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| 3. |
- Chuter, V., et al.
(author)
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Effectiveness of revascularisation for the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and peripheral artery disease: A systematic review
- 2024
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In: Diabetes-Metabolism Research and Reviews. - 1520-7552. ; 40:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is associated with an increased likelihood of delayed or non-healing of a diabetes-related foot ulcer, gangrene, and amputation. The selection of the most effective surgical technique for revascularisation of the lower limb in this population is challenging and there is a lack of conclusive evidence to support the choice of intervention. This systematic review aimed to determine, in people with diabetes and tissue loss, if direct revascularisation is superior to indirect revascularisation and if endovascular revascularisation is superior to open revascularisation for the outcomes of wound healing, minor or major amputation, and adverse events including mortality. Methods: Title and abstract searches of Medline, Embase, PubMed, and EBSCO were conducted from 1980 to 30th November 2022. Cohort and case-control studies and randomised controlled trials reporting comparative outcomes of direct (angiosome) revascularisation (DR) and indirect revascularisation (IR) or the comparative outcomes of endovascular revascularisation and open or hybrid revascularisation for the outcomes of healing, minor amputation, and major amputation in people with diabetes, PAD and tissue loss (including foot ulcer and/or gangrene) were eligible. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomised trials, the ROBINS-I tool for non-randomised studies, and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational and cohort studies where details regarding the allocation to intervention groups were not provided. Results: From a total 7086 abstracts retrieved, 26 studies met the inclusion criteria for the comparison of direct angiosome revascularisation (DR) and indirect revascularisation (IR), and 11 studies met the inclusion criteria for the comparison of endovascular and open revascularisation. One study was included in both comparisons. Of the included studies, 35 were observational (31 retrospective and 4 prospective cohorts) and 1 was a randomised controlled trial. Cohort study quality was variable and generally low, with common sources of bias related to heterogeneous participant populations and interventions and lack of reporting of or adjusting for confounding factors. The randomised controlled trial had a low risk of bias. For studies of DR and IR, results were variable, and it is uncertain if one technique is superior to the other for healing, prevention of minor or major amputation, or mortality. However, the majority of studies reported that a greater proportion of participants receiving DR healed compared with IR, and that IR with collaterals may have similar outcomes to DR for wound healing. For patients with diabetes, infrainguinal PAD, and an adequate great saphenous vein available for use as a bypass conduit who were deemed suitable for either surgical procedure, an open revascularisation first approach was superior to endovascular therapy to prevent a major adverse limb event or death (Hazard Ratio: 0.72; 95% CI 0.61-0.86). For other studies of open and endovascular approaches, there was generally no difference in outcomes between the interventions. Conclusions: The majority of available evidence for the effectiveness of DR and IR and open and endovascular revascularisation for wound healing and prevention of minor and major amputation and adverse events including mortality in people with diabetes, PAD and tissue loss is inconclusive, and the certainty of evidence is very low. Data from one high quality randomised controlled trial supports the use of open over endovascular revascularisation to prevent a major limb event and death in people with diabetes, infrainguinal disease and tissue loss who have an adequate great saphenous vein available and who are deemed suitable for either approach.
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| 4. |
- Fecht, H. -J, et al.
(author)
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Thermophysical properties of liquids : Modelling and non-metallic materials
- 2005
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In: ESA SP. - 0379-6566 .- 1609-0438. ; :1281, s. 24-35
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The accurate knowledge and high-precision measurements of the thermophysical properties of liquids is necessary for the numerical modeling of industrial processes where the solid-liquid phase transformation plays a crucial role. The reduction of magnetic levitation forces in microgravity leads either to a significant improvement in accuracy or makes the measurement possible in the first place. High-precision measurements on chemically highly reactive melts require containerless processing using non-contact diagnostic tools. Scientific precursor experiments were conducted in the TEMPUS containerless processing facility during the Spacelab IML-2 and MSL-1 missions, also.
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| 5. |
- Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, et al.
(author)
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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.
- 2015
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In: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 386:10010, s. 2287-2323
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution.METHODS: Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk-outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990-2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol.FINDINGS: All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8-58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1-43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5-89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa.INTERPRETATION: Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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| 6. |
- Lee, P.D., et al.
(author)
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Review: The "butterfly effect" in continuous casting
- 2012
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In: Ironmaking and Steelmaking. ; , s. 244-253
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The continuous casting (CC) mould may appear very peaceful when viewed from above, but the powder bed hides relentless fluctuations in the following phenomena: metal flow, thermal gradients, chemical reactions and multiple phase transformations. When observed separately, some of these phenomena seem to have a 'simple behaviour', which may appear easy to control through the main casting parameters (e.g. casting speed, pouring temperature and powder type) and associated control systems (e.g. mould level control, automatic powder feeding and mould oscillation). However, when combined, these phenomena exhibit periodic fluctuations in behaviour, which is both difficult to predict and control. For instance, the combination of casting speed, submerged entry nozzle design and slab size can cause the metal flow pattern to shift from double roll to single roll and back, which can cause unstable fluctuations in metal level, standing waves, etc. In this respect, the CC process closely resembles a meteorological system where both variations and local fluctuations in temperature, humidity, pressure, etc., can result in effects that are difficult to predict in the long term. This is equivalent to the famous Lorenz premise: 'Does the flap of a butterfly's wings in Brazil set off a tornado in Texas?' In this paper, we give some examples of the 'butterfly effect' in CC discussed below by using a mathematical model able to predict the slab solidification inside the mould in which various factors affecting the process stability are analysed and the probable sources of fluctuation are identified. © 2012 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining.
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| 7. |
- Mills, K.C., et al.
(author)
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Looking into continuous casting mould
- 2014
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In: Ironmaking & steelmaking. - 0301-9233 .- 1743-2812. ; 41:4, s. 242-249
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- When you look into the continuous casting mould you can see very little. Consequently, steelmakers have had to rely on plant trials, simulation experiments and physical property measurements on fluxes and steels to gain an understanding of the mechanisms responsible for process problems and product defects. However, in recent years, mathematical modelling has advanced to the stage where they can provide us with great insight into these mechanisms. As a nonmathematical modeller, I was initially sceptical of some of the predictions of the mathematical models. However, I have been completely won over by the ability of these models to simulate accurately the mechanisms responsible for various defects, such as slag entrapment, oscillation mark formation, etc. Mathematical modelling literally allows us to 'see' what is happening in the mould. It is a remarkable tool. © 2014 Institute of Materials.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Mukai, K., et al.
(author)
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Surface tension of liquid alloys - A thermodynamic approach
- 2008
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In: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1073-5615 .- 1543-1916. ; 39:4, s. 561-569
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A formula is derived to describe the surface tensions of binary and dilute multicomponent alloys such as iron alloys. It was thermodynamically proved that the surface tension can be described by a function of the concentrations of the alloy components in bulk phase through the use of thermodynamic parameters. The formula was applied to the binary alloys, Fe-O-N and Fe-O-S systems. The described surface tensions were found to be in good agreement with the measured values.
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| 10. |
- Nurni, Viswanathan, et al.
(author)
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Mathematical model to simulate the temperature and composition distribution inside the flux layer of a continuous casting mould
- 2002
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In: Scandinavian journal of metallurgy. - : Wiley. - 0371-0459 .- 1600-0692. ; 31:3, s. 191-200
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A model is presented to predict the mass transport and heat transfer in a continuous casting mould flux bed. Physically consistent micromodels for carbon burning, evaporation of volatiles and thermophysical properties in the mould flux layer have been combined with a one-dimensional finite-difference model of the continuous casting mould flux bed. The sensitivity of the model to bed height, flux consumption rate, carbon burning and powder particle size is investigated for a mould flux composition corresponding to an industrial casting powder.
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