| 1. |
- Lozano, Rafael, et al.
(author)
-
Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
-
In: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 2091-2138
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030.
|
|
| 2. |
- Abbafati, Cristiana, et al.
(author)
-
- 2020
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)
|
|
| 3. |
- Bagheri, R., et al.
(author)
-
Analysis of cracked piezoelectric layer with imperfect non-homogeneous orthotropic coating
- 2015
-
In: International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. - : Elsevier. - 0020-7403 .- 1879-2162. ; 93, s. 93-101
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Abstract The fracture problem for a medium composed of a cracked piezoelectric strip with functionally graded orthotropic coating is studied. The layer is subjected to anti-plane mechanical and in-plane electrical loading. In this paper, we first address, the problem of a screw dislocation located in a substrate which is imperfectly bonded to the coating. Then, in order to model the cracked piezoelectric layer, by means of the dislocation solution, we construct integral equations for the layer, in which the unknown variables are dislocation densities. These unknowns are determined through satisfaction of the boundary conditions on the crack faces. By use of the dislocation densities, the field intensity factors are determined. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed solution. ", keywords = Piezoelectric strip; Functionally graded layer; Imperfect bonding; Multiple cracks; Stress intensity factors, isbn = 0020-7403, doi=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2014.11.025
|
|
| 4. |
- Bagheri, R., et al.
(author)
-
Analytical solution of multiple moving cracks in functionally graded piezoelectric strip
- 2015
-
In: Applied mathematics and mechanics. - : Shanghai University. - 0253-4827 .- 1573-2754. ; 36:6, s. 777-792
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The dynamic behaviors of several moving cracks in a functionally graded piezoelectric (FGP) strip subjected to anti-plane mechanical loading and in-plane electrical loading are investigated. For the first time, the distributed dislocation technique is used to construct the integral equations for FGP materials, in which the unknown variables are the dislocation densities. With the dislocation densities, the field intensity factors are determined. Moreover, the effects of the speed of the crack propagation on the field intensity factors are studied. Several examples are solved, and the numerical results for the stress intensity factor and the electric displacement intensity factor are presented graphically finally.
|
|
| 5. |
- Bengtsson, Rhodel, et al.
(author)
-
Comparison of measured creep in a wooden beam with finite element predictions based on orthotropic viscoelastic material model
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Creep is of concern for long-term deformations of wooden structures. Since wood is anisotropic and creeps in several material directions, it may not be sufficient to include only axial creep along the grain even for deformations in beam-like components. A bottle-neck is that creep characterisation in all material directions is both costly and complicated. Multiscale modelling from cell-wall creep including the main contributing features (density, ray content, microfibrillar angle) can contribute to fill to complete material models for wood creep. In the present study, we have chosen a four-point bending test of a Norway spruce beam to represent a loaded wooden component in a structure. Digital image correlation was used to gather data on strain and displacement fields during the creep test. The experimental results were compared with finite element predictions based on a 3D orthotropic viscoelastic model obtained by multiscale homogenisation. There was generally good agreement in the strain fields between the finite element simulations and experimental observations. However, the numerical predictions exhibits slightly greater stiffness in terms of displacement, suggesting the need for further refinement of the multiscale model or a combination of materials creep charactrisation and multiscale modelling.
|
|
| 6. |
- Bengtsson, Rhodel
(author)
-
Creep aspects of softwood from the cell-wall level to structures
- 2023
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis addresses the intricate mechanical behaviour of natural materials, with a particular focus on wood. Despite millennia of use, understanding the mechanical behaviour of wood materials remains challenging due to their complex microstructures. For instance, they exhibit variations in properties among samples, nonlinear behaviour under elevated loads, and are sensitive to alterations in moisture content.Wood and related natural biobased materials hold immense potential due to their renewability, cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, and ease of use in sustainable construction. Wood boasts remarkable stiffness and strength along its primary axis, surpassing many man-made materials in strength-to-weight ratios. However, its anisotropic and heterogeneous nature gives rise to challenges, necessitating the consideration of multiple parameters for accurate characterization to be used in design.Wood is intrinsically heterogeneous, leading to considerable variations in local stresses and deformations during loading. To address these microstructural effects on macroscopically measurable phenomena, mathematical homogenization methods, established since the 1970s, have found applications in material mechanics, including both fibre composites and wood.In recent years, there has been a growing focus on the viscoelastic behaviour of composites and timber structures, given their increased long-term use in load-carrying applications. While numerous investigations have explored the relationship between the microstructure of wood and its elastic properties, few studies have explored the connection between microstructure and viscoelastic properties.The thesis focuses on the static and, more notably, on the time-dependent mechanical properties of wood, bridging the gap from cell-wall creep to structures. It includes experiments and numerical work, culminating in the development of a material model suitable for orthotropic materials like wood. The multiscale model establishes a link between microstructural parameters and macroscopic properties, potentially applicable to various softwood species. Given the lack of shear creep data in the literature, the thesis introduces straightforward methods to characterize shear creep properties, addressing a significant knowledge gap.Furthermore, the thesis progresses from material-level experiments to higher length scales, demonstrating how the results can be applied to larger wooden structures, such as the tower for a counter-rotating axis tilted turbine. While these results require further validation in the absence of experimental data for wooden wind turbine structures, they offer useful insights into simulating creep behaviour in such applications.In conclusion, this thesis highlights the multifaceted nature of a natural material like wood, its mechanical challenges, and the promising research avenues for comprehensive understanding and practical use. The outcome provides contributions to the efficient utilization of wood in load-carrying structures and underlines the importance of ongoing research in this field.
|
|
| 7. |
- Bengtsson, Rhodel, et al.
(author)
-
Evaluating the viscoelastic shear properties of clear wood via off-axis compression testing and digital-image correlation
- 2023
-
In: Mechanics of time-dependant materials. - 1385-2000 .- 1573-2738.
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Highly anisotropic materials like wood and unidirectional polymer composite structures are sensitive to shear deformations, in particular close to fixed joints. Large wooden structures in buildings and, e.g. wind-turbine blades, are designed to last for decades, and hence are susceptible to unwanted creep deformations. For improved structural design, the shear-creep properties of the material are needed. These are rarely available in the literature, possibly because of technical difficulties to achieve a well-defined shear-stress state in test specimens. For cost-efficient testing, this goal of a pure stress state necessarily needs to be compromised. In the present study, we propose a simple test method based on uniaxial compression on wooden cubes, but is equally applicable for fibre composites. The viscoelastic shear properties of Norway spruce (Picea abies) under off-axis creep compression tests have been characterised in all three directions. The tests are performed in a controlled climate chamber and the creep strains are captured using digital-image correlation.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Bengtsson, Rhodel, et al.
(author)
-
Viscoelastic behavior of softwood based on a multiscale computational homogenization
- 2023
-
In: Mechanics of materials. - : Elsevier. - 0167-6636 .- 1872-7743. ; 179
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the present study, a numerical multiscale model is made to show how the hierarchical structure of softwood affect its macroscopic viscoelastic properties. The performance of the model is demonstrated for two softwood species — Norway spruce and Japanese cypress, whose creep behavior has been characterized experimentally. The results show that by using the same transversely isotropic viscous properties of the cell wall for both species, it is possible to predict creep deformation relatively close to experimental creep measurements for both species. Assuming that the variability is larger on the microstructural level (density, cell-wall geometry, microfibril angle, composition of wood tissues) than on the cell-wall level, it is possible to predict the macroscopic creep behavior based on the microstructural parameters alone. Such predictions can potentially save cost and time, since creep characterization in all material directions is demanding.
|
|
