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- Söderberg, Gabriel
(author)
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Constructing Invisible Hands : Market Technocrats in Sweden 1880–2000
- 2013
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Dominant market theories analyze markets as ahistorical entities without the need for professional groups that manage crucial functions within them. This thesis, in contrast, approaches markets as historical systems that develop over time and that can be constituted in many different ways because of different historical trajectories. Different professional groups managing market routines, further, are seen as a crucial part of markets. Two concepts are introduced: “market architecture”, the specific way a market is constituted at a given time; and “market technocrats”, the seemingly disinterested third party functionaries that manage routines in markets and advocate changes in market architecture. The thesis argues that market technocrats exist because of uncertainty and lack of trust between market actors, and that they are an important part of how market architectures develop over time. It presents an analytical framework for understanding market technocrats and how they interact with and develop markets. Four different aspects of market technocrats are explored: the process of establishing market technocrats in market routines; the capture of the authority of market technocrats by other market actors; the expansionistic behavior of market technocrats; and the way changes in economic theory, as an important part of how economists with technocratic authority advocate market change, can help to explain changes in markets. These aspects are explored through four empirical papers: The Market Technocracy of Import Substitution: The Role of Asymmetric Information and The Swedish Seed Association 1880–1935; Limits of Market Technocracy: Swedish Fertilizer Research and the Crisis of Objectivity 1945–1960; Central Banks, and the Pursuit of Influence, Prestige, and Legitimacy: The Creation of the Nobel Memorial Prize; and From Market Engineering to Institutional Engineering: Reform Economics in Sweden 1950–2000. The results of the papers form the basis of a hypothetical narrative of how the role of market technocrats has changed during the 20th century. This provides a roadmap for further research in the development of markets and the role of market technocrats.
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| 2. |
- Kardell, Örjan, 1963-
(author)
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Hägnadernas roll för jordbruket och byalaget 1640-1900
- 2004
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Avhandlingen har en tvärvetenskaplig inriktning och avser att belysa hankgärdesgårdens betydelse från 1640 – 1900 på flera plan: virkesbehov; arbetsbehov; funktion inom byalaget. Avhandlingens grundläggande hypotes är att hägnaderna ökade över tiden. Därmed blir avhandlingens huvudfrågeställning att med rimlig säkerhet försöka fastställa hur mycket gärdesgårdar det fanns vid undersökningsperiodens början samt att se om dessa ökade över tiden eller ej? Går det vidare att se några skillnader över tiden vilka kan förklaras av naturgeografiska förhållanden (skogs-, mellan- och slättbygd) eller rådande historiskt trädessystem (en-, två- eller tresäde)? En naturlig följdfråga är om gärdesgårdarna till slut ökade så mycket att de blir en belastning för jordbruket och därmed tvingar fram en övergång till andra metoder att åtskilja betande djur från växande gröda, vallning och tjudring, eller alternativt framtvingar en övergång till andra typer av hägnader och material, stenmurar och jordvallar. Det äldre historiska kartmaterialet, etnologiska frågelistesvar, krigsarkivets husesynsprotokoll samt beskrivningar till sockenkartorna från perioden 1845 – 1860 är centrala källmaterial. Delundersökningarna baserade på äldre storskaliga lantmäterikartor och husesynsprotokoll konvergerar och visar att hägnaderna ökade över tiden. Vid sekelskiftet 1700 torde det ha funnits omkring 550 000 kilometer gärdesgårdar i landet. Dessa hade ökat till omkring 1 000 000 kilometer vid mitten av 1800-talet. Skogstillståndet eller brist på lämpligt stängselvirke i närområdet hade generellt sett inte någon inverkan på valet av hägnad. Det krävs en mycket långvarig skogsbrist – troligen mer än ett par århundraden – liktydigt med att avståndet till närmast tillgängliga virkesresurs blir för långt, för att en förändring av hägnadstypen skall inträda. De förändringar som sker med hägnadsbeståndet och betesorganisationen under 1800-talets andra hälft förklaras bäst av den kombinerade effekt som laga skifte (1827) och 1857 års stängselförordning får på hägnadssystemens fysiska placering. Innan skiftet hade hägnaderna huvudsakligen varit placerade kring inägomarken men trängdes av skiftet samt stängselförordningen ut i rågångarna till de genom skiftet uppkomna nya fastigheterna, lägen som i många fall i en tidigare lagstiftning inte omfattats av hägnadsplikt. Fårstammens radikala minskning under 1800-talets andra hälft medför att glesare gärdesgårdar, sammanhållna av vidjor istället för som tidigare med hankar, börjar användas.
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| 3. |
- Lund, Olov, 1982-
(author)
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Nätverksstaten : Statsbildningsprocesser och rumsliga praktiker i senmedeltidens Sverige ca 1440–1520
- 2022
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Previous research has examined the late medieval Swedish state from a constitutional and ideological perspective and in terms of the juridical, fiscal, and military organizations. This thesis focuses on the much less known informal and practical-spatial side of the political system. The main questions of this dissertation are: How did the Swedish late medieval state function? How integrated was the state into the local community? Who and how many took part in the activities of the state, and why? The departure for any inquiry into these questions is the Council of the Realm, who reigned during the 15th Century. This thesis study two of its members as case studies: The lawmen Arvid Trolle (c. 1440–1505) and Svarte Åke Jönsson (c. 1420–1494), who both were involved in the state's activities and the local community for as long as 40 years. I use the concept of anthrospace, which denotes the necessity and interplay between social networks, material resources, and movement in space, as the driving force of history. The purpose of this thesis is mapping out the social networks of these two figures and their material resources in form of estates, land, and fiefs. It also means studying how these two lawmen moved through space in relation to their human and material resources.The results show that Svarte Åke Jönsson and Arvid Trolle had extensive networks both among the aristocratic elite in the Council of the Realm at the national level and in the local community. Their respective households and networks amounted to 100–120 families. Svarte Åke Jönsson´s and Arvid Trolle´s respective family businesses managed between 2 and 9 percent of the state's total revenues from ordinary taxes. Most of the revenues from the castle districts went to maintenance as well as food and salaries for castle crews and other staff. Finally, the results point to a geographical correlation between Arvid Trolle´s and Svarte Åke Jönsson's land, estates, fiefs, official jurisdictions, residences, the extent of their networks, and how they moved through space.Taken together, the results lead to several important conclusions regarding both the aristocratic household and how the state functioned. Their rather distinctly demarcated geographical life indicates that the state and the execution of state functions were formed as a patchwork of aristocratic family businesses, local bailiffs, county judges, and others who exercised, negotiated, contested, and took advantage of state resources. The results also conclude that the number of people who directly participated in the activities of the state and in the exercise of state functions was a minimum of 7,500–8,000 individuals. This overlapping system of aristocratic households, family businesses, and networks that exercised state functions meant both continuity and stability. The many thousands of people involved in state activities should be considered as a central force in the state-building process.
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