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- Bradshaw, Clare, et al.
(author)
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Bottom trawling resuspends sediment and releases bioavailable contaminants in a polluted fjord
- 2012
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In: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 170, s. 232-241
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sediments are sinks for contaminants in the world's oceans. At the same time, commercial bottom trawling is estimated to affect around 15 million km(2) of the world's seafloor every year. However, few studies have investigated whether this disturbance remobilises sediment-associated contaminants and, if so, whether these are bioavailable to aquatic organisms. This field study in a trawled contaminated Norwegian fjord showed that a single 1.8 km long trawl pass created a 3-5 million m(3) sediment plume containing around 9 t contaminated sediment; ie. 200 g dw m(-2) trawled, equivalent to c. 10% of the annual gross sedimentation rate. Substantial amounts of PCDD/Fs and non-ortho PCBs were released from the sediments, likely causing a semi-permanent contaminated sediment suspension in the bottom waters. PCDD/Fs from the sediments were also taken up by mussels which, during one month, accumulated them to levels above the EU maximum advised concentration for human consumption.
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| 3. |
- Ishaq, R., et al.
(author)
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PCNs, PCDD/Fs, and Non-orthoPCBs, in Water and Bottom Sediments from the Industrialized Norwegian Grenlandsfjords
- 2009
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In: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 43:10, s. 3442-3447
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Chlorinated toxic planar aromatic compounds were analyzed in the heavily industrialized Grenlandsfjords, which is a system of silled fjords in southern Norway. Surface water samples contained 7.4-160 ng/m(3) polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), 14-410 ng/m(3) polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and 0.31-2.4 ng/m(3) non-orthochlorinated biphenyls (non-orthoPCBs). The concentrations of PCDD/Fs were about 300 times higher than in the Baltic Sea. Highest level of the compounds was found near a magnesium production plant. Hepta-CDFs and penta-CNs dominated in the inner-fiord waters, and tetra-CB77 was the major non-orthoPCB congener. Sediment samples had PCDD/F concentration of 25-730 ng/g dw. Highest concentration was detected close to the magnesium plant. Octa-CDF dominated in the fjord sediments, especially near the magnesium plant, indicating a discharge-specific contamination with this congener. The isomer composition of PCDD/Fs and of PCNs, was unchanged when comparing samples from different layers of a sediment core from the deep anoxic water. This concludes that essentially zero degradation had occurred during similar to 50 years in this environment
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| 4. |
- Niimi, Jun, et al.
(author)
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Application of sequential and orthogonalised-partial least squares (SO-PLS) regression to predict sensory properties of Cabernet Sauvignon wines from grape chemical composition
- 2018
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In: Food Chemistry. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0308-8146 .- 1873-7072. ; 256, s. 195-202
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The current study determined the applicability of sequential and orthogonalised-partial least squares (SO-PLS) regression to relate Cabernet Sauvignon grape chemical composition to the sensory perception of the corresponding wines. Grape samples (n = 25) were harvested at a similar maturity and vinified identically in 2013. Twelve measures using various (bio)chemical methods were made on grapes. Wines were evaluated using descriptive analysis with a trained panel (n = 10) for sensory profiling. Data was analysed globally using SO-PLS for the entire sensory profiles (SO-PLS2), as well as for single sensory attributes (SO-PLS1). SO-PLS1 models were superior in validated explained variances than SO-PLS2. SO-PLS provided a structured approach in the selection of predictor chemical data sets that best contributed to the correlation of important sensory attributes. This new approach presents great potential for application in other explorative metabolomics studies of food and beverages to address factors such as quality and regional influences
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| 5. |
- Niimi, Jun, et al.
(author)
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Objective measures of grape quality : From Cabernet Sauvignon grape composition to wine sensory characteristics
- 2020
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In: Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft + Technologie. - : Academic Press. - 0023-6438 .- 1096-1127. ; 123
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In an investigation of objective measures that link grape composition to wine quality, this study sought to identify Cabernet Sauvignon grape parameters that predict the sensory properties of the corresponding wines. Eleven chemical measures comprising volatile and non-volatile compounds, enzyme activity plus standard industry harvest measurements were applied to grape samples obtained from different regions throughout South Eastern Australia over three vintages. Grapes underwent controlled vinification and the resulting wines evaluated with sensory descriptive analysis. The entire multi-vintage data sets were combined and modelled using a combination of partial least squares (PLS) and sequential and orthogonalised (SO) -PLS regression techniques. Optimal models were obtained with single sensory attributes rather than global modelling with the entire sensory profile. Five grape chemical measures, which in the main were harvest parameters, were used along with colour, total phenolics and tannin, targeted volatiles, and flavonols, and orthogonalised to model 14 sensory attributes of the Cabernet Sauvignon wines. The seven remaining measures were not used due to their poor ability to model wine sensory attributes, with enzyme activity and tannin by HPLC explaining the least. The study revealed new insights into the relationship between grape chemistry and wine sensory characters, which has implications for developing an objective measurement system for determining grape quality.
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| 8. |
- Persson, Johan N, et al.
(author)
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Soot-Carbon Influenced Distribution of PCDD/F in the Marine Environment of the Grenlandsfjords, Norway
- 2002
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In: Environmental Science and Technology. - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 36:23, s. 4968-4974
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The particle associations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were studied in both the water column and the surface sediments of a marine fjord system and were found to poorly obey expectations from the organic matter partitioning (OMP) paradigm. The field observations were instead consistent with the presence of a stronger sorbent subdomain such as pyrogenic soot-carbon (SC) playing an important role in affecting the environmental distribution and fate of PCDD/Fs. Solid-water distribution coefficients (Kd) of PCDD/Fs actually observed in the water column were several orders of magnitude above predictions from a commonly used OMP model. Even when these elevated Kd values were normalized to the particulate organic carbon (POC) content (i.e., KOC), the variability in KOC for individual PCDD/Fs at different fjord locations and seasons of factors 100-1000 suggested that bulk organic matter was not the governing sorbent domain of the suspended particles. Further, POC-normalized particle concentrations of PCDD/Fs (COC) in a vertical profile (surface water-bottom water-surface sediment) revealed a strong increasing trend with depth. Factors of about 100 higher COC for all PCDD/Fs in the sediment than in the surface water could not be explained by higher fugacity in the surrounding deep water nor with C:N or δ13C indexes of selective aging of the bulk organic matter. Instead this was hypothesized to reflect selective preservation of a more recalcitrant and highly sorbing, but minor, subdomain such as soot. The extent of enhanced PCDD/F sorption, above the OMP predictions, was positively correlated with the SC:POC ratio of the suspended particles in surface and deep waters. Finally, the geographical distribution of sedimentary PCDD/F concentrations were better explained by the SC content than by the bulk OC content of the sediment. Altogether, these field-based findings add to recent laboratory-based sorption studies to suggest that we need to consider both amorphous OC partitioning domains and SC particles as carriers of planar aromatic contaminants if we are to explain the environmental distribution and fate of pollutants such as PCDD/Fs. (54 refs.
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