| 1. |
- Badr, Hussein O., et al.
(författare)
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Bottom-up, scalable synthesis of anatase nanofilament-based two-dimensional titanium carbo-oxide flakes
- 2022
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Ingår i: Materials Today. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 1369-7021 .- 1873-4103. ; 54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two-dimensional (2D) materials offer advantages that their 3D counterparts do not. The conventional method for the bulk synthesis of 2D materials has predominantly been through etching layered solids. Herein, we convert - through a bottom-up approach - 10 binary and ternary titanium carbides, nitrides, borides, phosphides, and silicides into 2D flakes by immersing them in a tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution at temperatures in the 25-85 degrees C range. Based on X-ray diffraction, density functional theory, X-ray photoelectron, electron energy loss, Raman, X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopies, transmission and scanning electron microscope images and selected area diffraction, we conclude that the resulting flakes are carbon containing anatase-based layers that are, in turn, comprised of approximate to 6 x 10 angstrom(2) nanofilaments in cross-section some of which are few microns long. Electrodes made from some of these films performed well in lithium-ion and lithium-sulphur systems. These materials also reduce the viability of cancer cells thus showing potential in biomedical applications. Synthesizing 2D materials, at near ambient conditions, with non-layered, inexpensive, green precursors (e.g., TiC) is paradigm shifting and will undoubtedly open new and exciting avenues of research and applications.
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| 2. |
- Griffith, Simon C., et al.
(författare)
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Variation in reproductive success across captive populations: Methodological differences, potential biases and opportunities
- 2017
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Ingår i: Ethology. - : Wiley. - 1439-0310 .- 0179-1613. ; 123:1, s. 1-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our understanding of fundamental organismal biology has been disproportionately influenced by studies of a relatively small number of ‘model’ species extensively studied in captivity. Laboratory populations of model species are commonly subject to a number of forms of past and current selection that may affect experimental outcomes. Here, we examine these processes and their outcomes in one of the most widely used vertebrate species in the laboratory – the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). This important model species is used for research across a broad range of fields, partly due to the ease with which it can be bred in captivity. However despite this perceived amenability, we demonstrate extensive variation in the success with which different laboratories and studies bred their subjects, and overall only 64% of all females that were given the opportunity, bred successfully in the laboratory. We identify and review several environmental, husbandry, life-history and behavioural factors that potentially contribute to this variation. The variation in reproductive success across individuals could lead to biases in experimental outcomes and drive some of the heterogeneity in research outcomes across studies. The zebra finch remains an excellent captive animal system and our aim is to sharpen the insight that future studies of this species can provide, both to our understanding of this species and also with respect to the reproduction of captive animals more widely. We hope to improve systematic reporting methods and that further investigation of the issues we raise will lead both to advances in our fundamental understanding of avian reproduction as well as to improvements in future welfare and experimental efficiency.
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| 3. |
- Yang, Jian, et al.
(författare)
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Two-Dimensional Nb-Based M4C3 Solid Solutions (MXenes)
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of The American Ceramic Society. - : WILEY-BLACKWELL. - 0002-7820 .- 1551-2916. ; 99:2, s. 660-666
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Herein, two new two-dimensional Nb4C3-based solid solutions (MXenes), (Nb-0.8,Ti-0.2)(4)C3Tx and (Nb-0.8,Zr-0.2)(4)C3Tx (where T is a surface termination) were synthesizedas confirmed by X-ray diffractionfrom their corresponding MAX phase precursors (Nb-0.8,Ti-0.2)(4)AlC3 and (Nb-0.8,Zr-0.2)(4)AlC3. This is the first report on a Zr-containing MXene. Intercalation of Li ions into these two compositions, and Nb4C3Tx was studied to determine the potential of those materials for energy storage applications. Lithiation and delithiation peaks at 2.26 and 2.35 V, respectively, appeared in the case of Nb4C3Tx, but were not present in Nb2CTx. After 20 cycles at a rate of C/4, the specific capacities of (Nb-0.8,Ti-0.2)(4)C3Tx and (Nb-0.8,Zr-0.2)(4)C3Tx were 158 and 132 mAh/g, respectively, both slightly lower than the capacity of Nb4C3Tx.
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| 4. |
- Bentzel, Grady W., et al.
(författare)
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High-Temperature Neutron Diffraction, Raman Spectroscopy, and First-Principles Calculations of Ti3SnC2 and Ti2SnC
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of The American Ceramic Society. - : WILEY-BLACKWELL. - 0002-7820 .- 1551-2916. ; 99:7, s. 2233-2242
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Herein, we report-for the first time-on the additive-free bulk synthesis of Ti3SnC2. A detailed experimental study of the structure of the latter together with a secondary phase, Ti2SnC, is presented through the use of X-ray diffraction (XRD), and high-resolution transmission microscopy (HRTEM). A previous sample of Ti3SnC2, made using Fe as an additive and Ti2SnC as a secondary phase, was studied by high-temperature neutron diffraction (HTND) and XRD. The room-temperature crystallographic parameters of the two MAX phases in the two samples are quite similar. Based on Rietveld analysis of the HTND data, the average linear thermal expansion coefficients of Ti3SnC2 in the a and c directions were found to be 8.5 (2).10(-6) K-1 and 8.9 (1) . 10(-6) K-1, respectively. The respective values for the Ti2SnC phase are 10.1 (3) . 10(-6) K-1 and 10.8 (6) . 10(-6) K-1. Unlike other MAX phases, the atomic displacement parameters of the Sn atoms in Ti3SnC2 are comparable to those of the Ti and C atoms. When the predictions of the atomic displacement parameters obtained from density functional theory are compared to the experimental results, good quantitative agreement is found for the Sn atoms. In the case of the Ti and C atoms, the agreement is more qualitative. We also used first principles to calculate the elastic properties of both Ti2SnC and Ti3SnC2 and their Raman active modes. The latter are compared to experiment and the agreement was found to be good.
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| 5. |
- Halim, Joseph, et al.
(författare)
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Synthesis and Characterization of 2D Molybdenum Carbide (MXene)
- 2016
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Ingår i: Advanced Functional Materials. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 1616-301X .- 1616-3028. ; 26:18, s. 3118-3127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large scale synthesis and delamination of 2D Mo2CTx (where T is a surface termination group) has been achieved by selectively etching gallium from the recently discovered nanolaminated, ternary transition metal carbide Mo2Ga2C. Different synthesis and delamination routes result in different flake morphologies. The resistivity of free-standing Mo2CTx films increases by an order of magnitude as the temperature is reduced from 300 to 10 K, suggesting semiconductor-like behavior of this MXene, in contrast to Ti3C2Tx which exhibits metallic behavior. At 10 K, the magnetoresistance is positive. Additionally, changes in electronic transport are observed upon annealing of the films. When 2 mu m thick films are tested as electrodes in supercapacitors, capacitances as high as 700 F cm(-3) in a 1 M sulfuric acid electrolyte and high capacity retention for at least 10,000 cycles at 10 A g(-1) are obtained. Free-standing Mo2CTx films, with approximate to 8 wt% carbon nanotubes, perform well when tested as an electrode material for Li-ions, especially at high rates. At 20 and 131 C cycling rates, stable reversible capacities of 250 and 76 mAh g(-1), respectively, are achieved for over 1000 cycles.
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| 6. |
- Halim, Joseph, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of select multi-layered transition metal carbides (MXenes)
- 2016
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Ingår i: Applied Surface Science. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0169-4332 .- 1873-5584. ; 362, s. 406-417
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work, a detailed high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis is presented for select MXenes a recently discovered family of two-dimensional (2D) carbides and carbonitrides. Given their 2D nature, understanding their surface chemistry is paramount. Herein we identify and quantify the surface groups present before, and after, sputter-cleaning as well as freshly prepared vs. aged multi layered cold pressed discs. The nominal compositions of the MXenes studied here are Ti-3 C2Tx,Ti3CNTx, Nb2CTx and Nb4C3Tx where T represents surface groups that this work attempts to quantify. In all the cases, the presence of three surface terminations, O, OH and F, in addition to OH-terminations relatively strongly bonded to H2O molecules, was confirmed. From XPS peak fits, it was possible to establish the average sum of the negative charges of the terminations for the aforementioned MXenes. Based on this work, it is now possible to quantify the nature of the surface terminations. This information can, in turn, be used to better design and tailor these novel 2D materials for various applications. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Lane, Nina J, et al.
(författare)
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First-order Raman scattering of the MAX phases Ta4AlC3, Nb4AlC3, Ti4AlN3, and Ta2AlC
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. - : John Wiley and Sons. - 0377-0486 .- 1097-4555. ; 43:7, s. 954-958
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Herein, we report on the Raman spectra of the following ternary hexagonal carbides and nitrides (MAX phases): Ta4AlC3, Ta2AlC and Ti4AlN3. We also present the Raman-active modes of a- and beta-Ta4AlC3, Nb4AlC3 and Ti4AlN3, also referred to as the 413 MAX phases as predicted from first principles calculations using density functional theory. We compare the obtained experimental and calculated results with previous studies on Ta2AlC and Ti4AlN3. The vibrational behavior associated with the Raman-active modes for the 413 phases has been identified for the first time. In general, the agreement is good between theory and experiment. The experimental and calculated results indicate that the modes at low wavenumbers - dominated by the Al atoms - are a weak function of chemistry and the differences in energy can be traced to variations in the reduced mass. The modes at higher wavenumbers are dominated by the C and N atoms and show a strong dependence on the unit cell chemistry, with the TaC bond being stiffer than the NbC bond, which is in turn stiffer than TiN.
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| 9. |
- Lane, Nina J., et al.
(författare)
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Structure of a new bulk Ti5Al2C3 MAX phase produced by the topotactic transformation of Ti2AlC
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of the European Ceramic Society. - : Elsevier. - 0955-2219 .- 1873-619X. ; 32:12, s. 3485-3491
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Upon annealing cold-pressed Ti2AlC,-325 mesh powders, at 1500 degrees C for 8 h in argon, the resulting partially sintered sample contained 43(+/- 2) wt.% of the layered ternary carbide Ti5Al2C3. Herein, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern of Ti5Al2C3 is reported for the first time and its structure and stoichiometry are confirmed through high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. This phase has a trigonal structure (space group P3m1) with a unit cell consisting of 3 formula units and cell parameters of a=3.064 angstrom, c = 48.23 angstrom. The lattice parameters determined through first principles calculations agree reasonably well with the experimentally determined values. At 147.1 GPa, the calculated bulk modulus falls between the bulk moduli of Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC2. The transformation from Ti2AlC to Ti5Al2C3 is topotactic.
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| 10. |
- Lukatskaya, Maria R., et al.
(författare)
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Room-Temperature Carbide-Derived Carbon Synthesis by Electrochemical Etching of MAX Phases
- 2014
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Ingår i: Angewandte Chemie International Edition. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1433-7851 .- 1521-3773. ; 126:19, s. 4977-4980
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Porous carbons are widely used in energy storage and gas separation applications, but their synthesis always involves high temperatures. Herein we electrochemically selectively extract, at ambient temperature, the metal atoms from the ternary layered carbides, Ti3AlC2, Ti2AlC and Ti3SiC2 (MAX phases). The result is a predominantly amorphous carbide-derived carbon, with a narrow distribution of micropores. The latter is produced by placing the carbides in HF, HCl or NaCl solutions and applying anodic potentials. The pores that form when Ti3AlC2 is etched in dilute HF are around 0.5 nm in diameter. This approach forgoes energy-intensive thermal treatments and presents a novel method for developing carbons with finely tuned pores for a variety of applications, such as supercapacitor, battery electrodes or CO2 capture.
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