| 1. |
- Despeisse, Mélanie, 1985, et al.
(author)
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Towards a Circular Economy for End-of-Life Vehicles: A Comparative Study UK – Japan
- 2015
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In: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 29, s. 668-673
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As the European Directive on end-of-life vehicle (ELV) treatment has heavily influenced policies in many countries, car manufacturers need to reconsider the early phases of the product design to enable better ELV treatment. This paper proposes policy, technical and business recommendations to improve the reuse, recycling and recovery (RRR) rate of ELVs. A comparative analysis between the United Kingdom and Japan is undertaken, in which the two countries’ contextual background is described along with their RRR performance from a lifecycle perspective. Barriers and countermeasures to improve the RRR rates are discussed based upon mutual learning between the two countries.
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| 2. |
- Hara, Yuko, et al.
(author)
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Expression patterns of Hox genes in larvae of the sea lily Metacrinus rotundus
- 2006
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In: Development Genes and Evolution. ; 216, s. 797-809
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We cloned eight Hox genes (MrHox1, MrHox2, MrHox4, MrHox5, MrHox7, MrHox8, MrHox9/10, and MrHox11/13c) from the sea lily Metacrinus rotundus, a member of the most basal group of the extant echinoderms. At the auricularia stage, before the formation of the pentaradial rudiment, four MrHox genes were expressed sequentially along the anteroposterior (AP) axis in the straightened mesodermal somatocoels in the order MrHox5, MrHox7, MrHox8, and MrHox9/10. The expression of MrHox7 and MrHox8 was detected as early as the hatching stage in the presumptive somatocoel region of the archenteral sac. MrHox5 was expressed in the anteriormost region of the somatocoels, where a stalk-related structure (the chambered organ) forms later. In addition to the mesodermal somatocoels, MrHox7 was expressed in the oral hood ectoderm, which gives rise to the adhesive pit. The expression of four other MrHox genes (MrHox1, MrHox2, MrHox4, and MrHox11/13c) was not detected in any of the larval stages we examined. In comparison with the mesodermal sea urchin Hox genes, the MrHox genes are expressed more posteriorly along the AP (oral–anal) axis than the sea urchin orthologs, implying that the evolution of the eleutherozoans was accompanied by a posteriorization of the larval body. Our study illuminates the possible body plan and Hox expression patterns of the ancestral echinoderm and sheds light on the larval body plan of the last common ancestor of the echinoderms and chordates.
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| 3. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(author)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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In: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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