| 1. |
- Billingsley, Sunnee, et al.
(author)
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Social Investment Policies and Childbearing Across 20 Countries : Longitudinal and Micro-Level Analyses
- 2022
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In: European Journal of Population. - : Springer. - 0168-6577 .- 1572-9885. ; 38, s. 951-974
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study analyses the influence of family policies on women's first and second births in 20 countries over the period 1995 to 2007. Welfare states have shifted towards social investment policies, yet family policy-fertility research has not explicitly considered this development. We distinguish between social investment-oriented and passive support that families may receive upon the birth of a child and consider changes in policies over time. These indicators are merged with fertility histories provided by harmonized individual-level data, and we use time-conditioned, fixed effects linear probability models. We find higher social investment-oriented support to be correlated with increased first birth probabilities, in contrast to passive family support. First birth probabilities particularly declined with higher passive family support for women over age 30, which points to a potential increase in childlessness. Social investment-oriented support is positively related to first and second births particularly for lower-educated women and has no relationship to childbirth for highly educated women, countering the Matthew-effect assumptions about social investment policies. Passive support is negatively related to second births for post-secondary educated women and those who are studying. Family policies that support women's employment and labour market attachment are positively linked to family expansion and these policies minimize educational differences in childbearing.
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| 2. |
- Hoem, Jan M., 1939-, et al.
(author)
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Autonomy or Conservative Adjustment?:The Effect of Public Policies and EducationalAttainment on Third Births in Austria, 1975-96
- 2001
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In: Population Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0032-4728 .- 1477-4747. ; 55:3, s. 249-261
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The standardized rate of third births declined by over 50 percent in Austria between the late 1970s and the mid-1990s. The third birth was also postponed gradually over the years until 1991-92, after which the tempo of childbearing suddenly increased in response to a change in the parental-leave policy. This new policy inadvertently favoured women who had their second or subsequent child shortly after their previous one. We cannot find any indication that the general decline in third births can be seen as a consequence of women's increasing independence from their husbands at the stage in life we study. Furthermore, it still seems to be more difficult to combine motherhood and labour-force participation in Austria than in Sweden, which is a leader in reducing this incompatibility. These developments reflect the tension between advancing gender equality and the dominance of traditional norms in Austria.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Hoem, Jan M., 1939-, et al.
(author)
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Education and childlessness : The relationship between educational field, educational level, and childlessness among Swedish women born in 1955-59
- 2006
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In: Demographic Research. - 1435-9871. ; 14:15, s. 331-380
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper we extend the concept of educational attainment to cover the field of education taken in addition to the conventional level of education attained. Our empirical investigation uses register records containing childbearing and educational histories of an entire cohort of women born in Sweden (about a quarter-million individuals). This allows us to operate with a high number of educational field-and-level combinations (some sixty in all). It turns out that the field of education serves as an indicator of a woman’s potential reproductive behavior better than the mere level attained. We discover that in each field permanent childlessness increases some with the educational level, but that the field itself is the more important. In general, we find that women educated for jobs in teaching and health care are in a class of their own, with much lower permanent childlessness at each educational level than in any other major grouping. Women educated in arts and humanities or for religious occupations have unusually high fractions permanently childless. Our results cast doubt on the assumption that higher education per se must result in higher childlessness. In our opinion, several factors intrinsic and extrinsic to an educational system (such as its flexibility, its gender structure, and the manner in which education is hooked up to the labor market) may influence the relationship between education and childlessness, and we would not expect a simple, unidirectional relationship.
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| 5. |
- Hoem, Jan M., 1939-, et al.
(author)
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Educational attainment and ultimate fertility among Swedish women born in 1955-59
- 2006
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In: Demographic Research. - 1435-9871. ; 14:16, s. 381-404
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This is the second of two companion papers addressing the association between educational attainment and fertility for some sixty educational groups of Swedish women, defined according to field of education as well as level of education. The first paper is about childlessness and education, the present one about the mean number of children ever born. We find that ultimate fertility decreases somewhat with an increasing educational level, but its dependence on the field of education is much more impressive. In general, educational groups with relatively little childlessness also have relatively high ultimate fertility, and educational groups with much childlessness have relatively low ultimate fertility. In particular, women educated for the teaching or health-care professions have less childlessness and a higher ultimate fertility than others. Conversely, women with an education for esthetic or (non-teacher) humanist occupations have unusually high fractions childless and low ultimate fertility. Women with religious educations stand out by having very high fractions childless but quite ordinary mean ultimate fertility nevertheless; such women have very little childbearing outside of marriage. Women with research degrees have remarkably ordinary childbearing behavior; they do not forego motherhood to the extent that some theories would predict.
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| 6. |
- Neyer, Gerda, 1952-
(author)
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Bildung und Kinderlosigkeit in Österreich und in Schweden
- 2009
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In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung. - 1437-2940 .- 2196-2154. ; 21:3, s. 286-309
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article deals with the association between educational level, educational line, and childlessness among Austrian and Swedish women born 1955-59. In both countries. In both countries women educated for teaching jobs or for health occupations have lower childlessness than women educated for other professions. However, childlessness by educational level differs markedly between the two countries. Swedish women with tertiary education have only slightly higher childlessness than women with lower educational attainment. In Austria, however, women with an education at high-school level or above remain significantly more often childless than women with a lower education.
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| 7. |
- Neyer, Gerda, 1952-, et al.
(author)
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Education and Childlessness : The Influence of Educational Field and Educational Level on Childlessness among Swedish and Austrian Women
- 2017
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In: Childlessness in Europe. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319446653 - 9783319446677 ; , s. 183-207
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article deals with the question of how different institutional structures affect ultimate levels of childlessness. We compare rates of childlessness by educational field and educational level among women born in 1955–1959 in two different welfare states: Austria and Sweden. We find similar patterns of childlessness by educational field in both countries: i.e., women who have been educated to work in the education or health sector have lower rates of childlessness than women who have been educated to work in most other occupational fields. However, rates of childlessness by educational level differ markedly between the two countries: Austrian women with upper-secondary or tertiary education are significantly more likely to be childless than Swedish women with comparable levels of education and Austrian women with lower levels of education. We attribute these differences to the educational systems, the labour market structures, and the family policies of the two countries; which in Sweden promote equality across educational groups, and in Austria create cleavages between educational groups. We conclude with reflections on the implications of our results for demographic research on education and fertility.
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| 8. |
- Neyer, Gerda, 1952-, et al.
(author)
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Education and Permanent Childlessness : Austria vs. Sweden; a research note
- 2008
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In: Demographic Challenges for the 21st Century. - Brussels : VUB Press. - 9789054874478 ; , s. 91-112
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this research note we extend our previous study of the association between educational attainment and permanent childlessness in Sweden (Hoem et al., 2006) to cover Austria, and we make comparisons between the two countries. In both investigations we have defined educational attainment in terms of both educational level and educational field. We find largely the same pattern of childlessness by educational field in both countries; in particular at each educational level women educated for teaching jobs or for health occupations typically have lower childlessness than other lines of education. However, for most groups childlessness is higher in Austria, and for academic educations it is much higher. We attribute these differences to institutional differences in the two countries which may bring about a different culture of reproductive behavior.
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| 9. |
- Neyer, Gerda, 1952-, et al.
(author)
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Feminist Perspectives on Motherhood and Reproduction
- 2011
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In: Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung. - 0172-6404. ; 36:2, s. 162-176
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Motherhood and reproduction have been at the core of the feminist discourse about women's rights ever since its onset. For the first and second feminist movements, the right to abortion and the public recognition of motherhood have been main issues in the discourse on reproduction. Since the last two decades of the 20th century, the potentials of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have opened up new venues of feminist discourse. In this paper we sketch the main feminist lines of argumentation regarding motherhood and reproduction since the 1970s, and we identify specific shifts in their recurrent issues. We argue that an essential contribution of feminism to the understanding of motherhood as a structuring category has been its insistence on the distinction between biological and social motherhood. Feminist discourse shows how ART has further decomposed biological motherhood and has altered the meaning of motherhood and reproduction. Feminist analysis maintains that despite the rhetoric of choice surrounding ART, these technologies have not increased women’s reproductive freedom. The decomposition of biological motherhood, the medical, legal, and commercial development of reproduction, and the change in the social perception of motherhood have rather established new forms of control over female reproduction.
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| 10. |
- Neyer, Gerda, 1952-, et al.
(author)
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Kinderlosigkeit, Bildungsrichtung und Bildungsniveau. Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung schwedischer und österreichischer Frauen der Geburtenjahrgänge 1955-59
- 2013. - 2
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In: Ein Leben ohne Kinder. - Wiesbaden : Springer. - 9783531183558 - 9783531941493 ; , s. 101-135
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Der Zusammenhang zwischen Bildung und Kinderlosigkeit gehört seit langem zu den Kernthemen der demographischen Forschung. Studien zur Kinderlosigkeit in westlichen Ländern kommen im Allgemeinen zum gleichen Ergebnis: Je höher das erreichte Bildungsniveau, desto höher der Anteil kinderlos bleibender Frauen.Dieser Beitrag ist eine leicht geänderte Fassung von „Bildung und Kinderlosigkeit in Österreich und Schweden“ (Neyer 2009). Dieser ist wiederum eine Zusammenführung der Artikel „Education and childlessness: The relationship between educational field, educational level, and childlessness among Swedish women born in 1955-59“ (Hoem, Neyer und Andersson 2006a), „Education and permanent childlessness: Austria vs. Sweden. A research note“ (Neyer and Hoem 2008) und „Kinderlosigkeit, Bildungsrichtung und Bildungsniveau. Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung schwedischer Frauen der Geburtenjahrgänge 1955-59“ (Neyer, Hoem und Andersson 2007). Ein zu Hoem, Neyer und Andersson (2006a) komplementärer Artikel, „Educational attainment and ultimate fertility among Swedish women born in 1955-59“ (Hoem, Neyer und Andersson 2006b), untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen Bildungsrichtung, Bildungsniveau und Kinderzahl. Alle erwähnten Artikel beinhalten zusätzliche Informationen, die wir aus Platzgründen in diesem Beitrag nicht präsentieren können.
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