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- Broberg Palmgren, Karin, et al.
(author)
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Fusion of RDC1 with HMGA2 in lipomas as the result of chromosome aberrations involving 2q35-37 and 12q13-15.
- 2002
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In: International Journal of Oncology. - 1019-6439. ; 21:2, s. 321-326
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Rearrangements of chromosome bands 12q13-15 are frequent in various benign mesenchymal and epithelial tumors, and the gene HMGA2 seems to be the most common target within this chromosome region. In the majority of cases, the rearrangements result in a fusion of the first three exons of HMGA2 with different translocation partners. Despite the large number of HMGA2 mutations that have been reported, very little is known about the fusion partners. In this study, we have characterized a recurrent fusion of the first three exons of HMGA2 5' to the G protein-coupled receptor gene (RDC1) in lipomas with rearrangements involving chromosome bands 2q35-37 and 12q13-15, one of several recurrent chromosomal rearrangements in lipomas. The functional impact of the fusion is truncation of HMGA2, because the RDC1 part contributes with a stop codon one amino acid downstream of the breakpoint. The breakpoint within RDC1 was localized in a previously uncharacterized exon of the gene, and our data suggest that RDC1 is subject to alternative splicing.
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| 2. |
- Nilsson Broberg, Malin, et al.
(author)
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A multivariate data analysis approach for the investigation of in vitro derived metabolites of ACP-105 in comparison with human in vivo metabolites
- 2023
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In: Journal of chromatography. B. - : Elsevier. - 1570-0232 .- 1873-376X. ; 1231
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) such as ACP-105 are prohibited in sports due to their anabolic properties. ACP-105 has in previous equine studies shown to undergo extensive metabolism, which makes its metabolite profile important to investigate in humans, since the metabolism is unknown in this species. The aims of the study were to systematically optimize in vitro microsome incubations for improved metabolite yield and to utilize a multivariate data analysis (MVDA) approach to aid the metabolite discovery. Microsomes together with S9 fractions were used at optimal conditions, both with and without phase II additives. Furthermore, the relevance of the in vitro derived metabolites was evaluated as analytical targets in doping control by comparison with results from a human post-administration urine sample collected after a single dose of 100 µg ACP-105. All samples were analyzed with liquid chromatography - Orbitrap mass spectrometry.The use of the systematical optimization and MVDA greatly simplified the search and a total of 18 in vitro metabolites were tentatively identified. The yield of the two main monohydroxylated isomers increased by 24 and 10 times, respectively. In the human urine sample, a total of seven metabolites of ACP-105, formed by a combination of hydroxylations and glucuronic acid conjugations, were tentatively identified. The main metabolites were two monohydroxylated forms that are suggested as analytical targets for human doping control after hydrolysis. All the in vivo metabolites could be detected with the MVDA approach on the in vitro models, demonstrating its usefulness for prediction of the in vivo metabolite profile.
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| 3. |
- Nilsson Broberg, Malin, et al.
(author)
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Equine in vivo metabolite profiling of the selective androgen receptor modulator LGD-3303 for doping control
- 2023
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In: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. - : Elsevier. - 0731-7085 .- 1873-264X. ; 233
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- LGD-3303 is a Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) that is prohibited in both equine and human sports due to its anabolic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the equine in vivo metabolite profile of LGD-3303 and identify drug metabolites that can be suitable as new and improved analytical targets for equine doping control. This was performed by an oral administration of 0.05 mg.kg(-1) LGD-3303 to horses, where blood and urine samples were collected up to 96 h after administration. The in vivo samples consisting of plasma, urine and hydrolyzed urine were analyzed utilizing ultra-high performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to a Q Exactive (TM) Orbitrap (TM) high resolution mass spectrometer with a heated electrospray ionization source. A total of eight metabolites of LGD-3303 were tentatively identified, including one carboxylated and several hydroxylated metabolites in combination with glucuronic acid conjugates. A monohydroxylated metabolite is suggested as an analytical target for doping control analysis of plasma and urine after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase, due to the high intensity and prolonged detection time in comparison to parent LGD-3303.
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| 4. |
- Nilsson Broberg, Malin, et al.
(author)
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Investigation of Equine In Vivo and In Vitro Derived Metabolites of the Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) ACP-105 for Improved Doping Control
- 2021
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In: Metabolites. - : MDPI. - 2218-1989 .- 2218-1989. ; 11:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) have anabolic properties but less adverse effects than anabolic androgenic steroids. They are prohibited in both equine and human sports and there have been several cases of SARMs findings reported over the last few years. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolite profile of the SARM ACP-105 (2-chloro-4-[(3-endo)-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yl]-3-methylbenzonitrile) in order to find analytical targets for doping control. Oral administration of ACP-105 was performed in horses, where blood and urine samples were collected over a time period of 96 h. The in vivo samples were compared with five in vitro incubation models encompassing Cunninghamella elegans, microsomes and S9 fractions of both human and equine origin. The analyses were performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution Q Exactive(TM) Orbitrap(TM) mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). A total of 21 metabolites were tentatively identified from the in vivo experiments, of which several novel glucuronides were detected in plasma and urine. In hydrolyzed urine, hydroxylated metabolites dominated. The in vitro models yielded several biotransformation products, including a number of monohydroxylated metabolites matching the in vivo results. The suggested analytical target for equine doping control in plasma is a dihydroxylated metabolite with a net loss of two hydrogens. In urine, the suggested targets are two monohydroxylated metabolites after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase, selected both due to prolongation of the detection time and the availability of reference material from the in vitro models.
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| 5. |
- Nilsson Broberg, Malin
(author)
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Metabolite Profiling of Drugs using Mass Spectrometry : Identification of analytical targets for doping control and improvements of the metabolite search process
- 2024
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Doping is defined as the use of prohibited substances or methods by the World Anti-Doping Agency and the aim with doping control analysis is to detect the use of these illicit substances or methods. Substances that are prohibited in human or equine sports have either a positive or negative impact on the performance. Since administered drugs generally are metabolized to a varying degree and thereby not only excreted in their original form, their metabolite profiles are of high interest because drug metabolites may be present in the body for a longer time than the administered drug itself. Thereby detection of metabolites can improve the window of detection. Unfortunately, the metabolite profiles of non-approved drugs that are mainly available on the Internet, such as Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) are often unknown. This thesis consists of four papers that all encompass drug metabolite profiling either in vivo, in vitro or in a combination, utilizing separation with liquid chromatography and detection with high resolution mass spectrometry. In paper I and II, the equine in vivo metabolite profiles of the two SARMs ACP-105 and LGD-3303 were investigated and the results showed that using drug metabolites as analytical targets can prolong the detection time. For ACP-105, the in vivo metabolite profile was compared with different incubation models such as liver microsomes, S9 fractions and the fungus Cunninghamella elegans. The in vivo and in vitro metabolite profiles showed an interesting overlap for several metabolites, demonstrating the importance and usefulness for in vitro methods in doping control, especially since microsome incubates are allowed as reference material. An optimization of microsome incubation conditions utilizing experimental design was presented in paper III and IV, showing that the optimized conditions greatly impacted the yield of drug metabolites, but also that the optimal conditions are substance dependent. In paper III, a multivariate data analysis search tool utilizing OPLS-DA was presented, which greatly simplified the in vitro drug metabolite identification process of ACP-105 and the results showed relevance in comparison with human in vivo metabolites.In conclusion, several new analytical targets with improved detectability for equine and human doping control have been presented, where the drug metabolite profile showed to be of great importance. All together, these new analytical targets, the optimized microsome incubation conditions for improved metabolite yield and the search tool that aids the metabolite investigation through multivariate data analysis, have made a positive contribution to the doping control area.
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