| 1. |
- Börlin, Niclas, 1968-, et al.
(author)
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Flexible Photogrammetric Computations Using Modular Bundle Adjustment : The Chain Rule and the Collinearity Equations
- 2019
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In: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. - Bethesda, Maryland, USA : American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS). - 0099-1112. ; 85:5, s. 361-368
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The main purpose of this article is to show that photogrammetric bundle-adjustment computations can be sequentially organized into modules. Furthermore, the chain rule can be used to simplify the computation of the analytical Jacobians needed for the adjustment. Novel projection models can be flexibly evaluated by inserting, modifying, or swapping the order of selected modules. As a proof of concept, two variants of the pinhole projection model with Brown lens distortion were implemented in the open-source Damped Bundle Adjustment Toolbox and applied to simulated and calibration data for a nonconventional lens system. The results show a significant difference for the simulated, error-free, data but not for the real calibration data. The current flexible implementation incurs a performance loss. However, in cases where flexibility is more important, the modular formulation should be a useful tool to investigate novel sensors, data-processing techniques, and refractive models.
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| 2. |
- Börlin, Niclas, 1968-, et al.
(author)
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Modular Bundle Adjustment for Photogrammeric Computations
- 2018
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In: ISPRS Technical Commission II Symposium 2018. - : ISPRS. ; , s. 133-140
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper we investigate how the residuals in bundle adjustmentcan be split into a composition of simple functions. According to thechain rule, the Jacobian (linearisation) of the residual can be formedas a product of the Jacobians of the individual steps. Whenimplemented, this enables a modularisation of the computation of thebundle adjustment residuals and Jacobians where each component haslimited responsibility. This enables simple replacement of componentsto e.g. implement different projection or rotation models byexchanging a module. The technique has previously been used toimplement bundle adjustment in the open-source package DBAT (Borlinand Grussenmeyer, ¨ 2013) based on the Photogrammetric and ComputerVision interpretations of Brown (1971) lens distortion model. In thispaper, we applied the technique to investigate how affine distortionscan be used to model the projection of a tilt-shift lens. Two extendeddistortion models were implemented to test the hypothesis that theordering of the affine and lens distortion steps can be changed toreduce the size of the residuals of a tilt-shift lens calibration.Results on synthetic data confirm that the ordering of the affine andlens distortion steps matter and is detectable by DBAT. However, whenapplied to a real camera calibration data set of a tilt-shift lens, nodifference between the extended models was seen. This suggests thatthe tested hypothesis is false and that other effects need to bemodelled to better explain the projection. The relatively lowimplementation effort that was needed to generate the models suggestthat the technique can be used to investigate other novel projectionmodels in photogrammetry, including modelling changes in the 3Dgeometry to better understand the tilt-shift lens.
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| 3. |
- Menna, Fabio, et al.
(author)
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Improving Underwater Accuracy by Empirical Weighting of Image Observations
- 2018
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In: ISPRS Technical Commission II Symposium 2018. - : ISPRS. ; , s. 699-705
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- An underwater imaging system with camera and lens behind a flat port does not behave as a standard pinhole camera with additional parameters. Indeed, whenever the entrance pupil of the lens is not in contact with the flat port, the standard photogrammetric model is not suited anymore and an extended mathematical model that considers the different media would be required. Therefore, when dealing with flat ports, the use of the classic photogrammetric formulation represents a simplification of the image formation phenomenon, clearly causing a degradation in accuracy. Furthermore, flat ports significantly change the characteristics of the enclosed imaging device and negatively affect the image quality, introducing heavy curvilinear distortions and optical aberrations. With the aim of mitigating the effect of systematic errors introduced by a combination of (i) image quality degradation, induced by the flat ports, and (ii) a non-rigorous modelling of refraction, this paper presents a stochastic model for image observations that penalises those that are more affected by aberrations and departure from the pinhole model. Experiments were carried out at sea and in pools showing that the use of the proposed stochastic model is beneficial for the final accuracy with improvements up to 50 %.
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