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- Andersson, Erik P., 1984-, et al.
(author)
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The Anaerobic Capacity of Cross-Country Skiers : The Effect of Computational Method and Skiing Sub-technique
- 2020
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In: Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-9367. ; 2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Anaerobic capacity is an important performance-determining variable of sprint cross-country skiing. Nevertheless, to date, no study has directly compared the anaerobic capacity, determined using the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) method and gross efficiency (GE) method, while using different skiing sub-techniques.Purpose: To compare the anaerobic capacity assessed using two different MAOD approaches (including and excluding a measured y-intercept) and the GE method during double poling (DP) and diagonal stride (DS) cross-country skiing.Methods: After an initial familiarization trial, 16 well-trained male cross-country skiers performed, in each sub-technique on separate occasions, a submaximal protocol consisting of eight 4-min bouts at intensities between ~47–78% of V.V.O2peak followed by a 4-min roller-skiing time trial, with the order of sub-technique being randomized. Linear and polynomial speed-metabolic rate relationships were constructed for both sub-techniques, while using a measured y-intercept (8+YLIN and 8+YPOL) or not (8–YLIN and 8–YPOL), to determine the anaerobic capacity using the MAOD method. The average GE (GEAVG) of all eight submaximal exercise bouts or the GE of the last submaximal exercise bout (GELAST) were used to calculate the anaerobic capacity using the GE method. Repeated measures ANOVA were used to test differences in anaerobic capacity between methods/approaches.Results: A significant interaction was found between computational method and skiing sub-technique (P < 0.001, η2 = 0.51) for the anaerobic capacity estimates. The different methodologies resulted in significantly different anaerobic capacity values in DP (P < 0.001, η2 = 0.74) and in DS (P = 0.016, η2 = 0.27). The 8-YPOL model resulted in the smallest standard error of the estimate (SEE, 0.24 W·kg−1) of the MAOD methods in DP, while the 8-YLIN resulted in a smaller SEE value than the 8+YLIN model (0.17 vs. 0.33 W·kg−1) in DS. The 8-YLIN and GELAST resulted in the closest agreement in anaerobic capacity values in DS (typical error 2.1 mL O2eq·kg−1).Conclusions: It is discouraged to use the same method to estimate the anaerobic capacity in DP and DS sub-techniques. In DP, a polynomial MAOD method (8-YPOL) seems to be the preferred method, whereas the 8-YLIN, GEAVG, and GELAST can all be used for DS, but not interchangeable, with GELAST being the least time-consuming method.
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- Osborne, John O., et al.
(author)
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Annual Volume and Distribution of Physical Training in Norwegian Female Cross-Country Skiers and Biathletes : A Comparison Between Sports, Competition Levels, and Age Categories- The FENDURA Project
- 2024
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In: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. - : Human Kinetics. - 1555-0265 .- 1555-0273. ; 19:1, s. 19-27
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose: To describe and compare the annual physical training characteristics between Norwegian female cross-country (XC) skiers and biathletes across competition levels and age categories. Methods: Daily training sessions for 1 year were recorded for 45 XC skiers and 26 biathletes, comprising international/national team (inter[national]) and nonnational/regional team members (nonnational) of both junior and senior age. Endurance, strength, flexibility, speed, and power training sessions were recorded. Data included exercise modality, intensity, and duration. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Results: The total annual physical training volume consisted of -90% endurance training for both groups, although XC skiers had significantly higher total volumes (-10%; P = .003; d= 0.78) than biathletes. Senior XC skiers performed more training hours of skiing and/or roller skiing compared with biathletes over the season. However, biathletes compensated for this lower volume by more skating and a higher proportion of endurance training as skiing (81% [17%]) compared with XC skiers (68% [16%]; P < .001; d= 0.94). Overall, (inter)national-level athletes completed a higher annual training volume than non-national-level athletes (740 [90] h vs 649 [95] h; P= .004;d = 0.81). Although juniors reported less endurance volume than seniors, they maintained a relatively stable level of endurance training across the preparatory and competition period, unlike senior athletes. Conclusions: The higher annual physical training volume by XC skiers compared with biathletes is likely caused by the different demands of the 2 sports; XC skiing necessitates training for 2 skiing styles, while biathlon requires additional shooting practice. However, biathletes compensate with a higher proportion of ski training, particularly in the skating technique.
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- Solli, Guro S., et al.
(author)
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Changes in self-reported physical fitness, performance, and side effects across the phases of the menstrual cycle among competitive endurance athletes
- 2020
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In: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. - 1555-0265 .- 1555-0273. ; 15:9, s. 1324-1333
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose: To investigate changes in self-reported physical fitness, performance, and side effects across the menstrual cycle (MC) phases among competitive endurance athletes and to describe their knowledge and communication with coaches about the MC. Methods: The responses of 140 participants (older than 18 y) competing in biathlon or cross-country skiing at the (inter)national level were analyzed. Data were collected via an online questionnaire addressing participants' competitive level, training volume, MC history, physical fitness, and performance during the MC, MC-related side effects, and knowledge and communication with coaches about the MC and its effects on training and performance. Results: About 50% and 71% of participants reported improved and reduced fitness, respectively, during specific MC phases, while 42% and 49% reported improved and reduced performance, respectively. Most athletes reported their worst fitness (47%) and performance (30%) and the highest number of side effects during bleeding (P <.01; compared with all other phases). The phase following bleeding was considered the best phase for perceived fitness (24%, P <.01) and performance (18%, P <.01). Only 8% of participants reported having sufficient knowledge about the MC in relation to training, and 27% of participants communicated about it with their coach. Conclusions: A high proportion of athletes perceived distinct changes in fitness, performance, and side effects across the MC phases, with their worst perceived fitness and performance during the bleeding phase. Because most athletes indicate a lack of knowledge about the MC's effect on training and performance and few communicate with coaches on the topic, the authors recommend that more time be devoted to educating athletes and coaches.
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- Taylor, Madison Y., et al.
(author)
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Menstrual Cycle Phase Has No Influence on Performance-Determining Variables in Endurance-Trained Athletes : The FENDURA Project
- 2024
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In: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0195-9131 .- 1530-0315. ; 56:9, s. 1595-1605
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Female athletes frequently perceive performance changes throughout the menstrual cycle (MC). However, if and how the MC influences performance-determining variables remain unclear.PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the effect of the MC and endogenous sex hormone concentrations on performance-determining variables in three distinct MC phases in endurance-trained females.MethodsTwenty-one eumenorrheic trained/highly trained endurance athletes completed a standardized test battery during the early follicular phase (EFP), ovulatory phase (OP), and midluteal phase (MLP) for either one (n = 7) or two test cycles (n = 14). MC phases were determined using calendar-based counting, urinary ovulation testing, and verified with serum hormone analysis. MCs were retrospectively classified as eumenorrheic or disturbed. Disturbed MCs were excluded from analysis. The test battery consisted of 4-6 x 5-min submaximal stages with stepwise speed increases, a 30-s all-out double-poling ski ergometer test, and a maximal incremental treadmill running test.ResultsAt a group level, there was no effect of MC phase or the serum concentrations of estrogen and progesterone on peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), oxygen uptake at 4 mmolL-1 blood lactate concentration, time to exhaustion, running economy, or mean 30-s power output (MPO30s). Serum testosterone concentration was positively associated with MPO30s (P = 0.016). Changes in VO2peak from EFP to MLP were inconsistent between individuals and across cycles.ConclusionsNone of the measured performance-determining variables were influenced by MC phase or serum estrogen or progesterone concentrations. Although some individual patterns could be observed, there was no indication that any single MC phase is consistently associated with improved or impaired VO2peak on a group level.
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