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- Anderson, D. C., et al.
(author)
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Formaldehyde in the Tropical Western Pacific: Chemical Sources and Sinks, Convective Transport, and Representation in CAM-Chem and the CCMI Models
- 2017
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In: Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 2169-897X. ; 122:20, s. 11201-11226
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Formaldehyde (HCHO) directly affects the atmospheric oxidative capacity through its effects on HOx. In remote marine environments, such as the tropical western Pacific (TWP), it is particularly important to understand the processes controlling the abundance of HCHO because model output from these regions is used to correct satellite retrievals of HCHO. Here we have used observations from the Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) field campaign, conducted during January and February 2014, to evaluate our understanding of the processes controlling the distribution of HCHO in the TWP as well as its representation in chemical transport/climate models. Observed HCHO mixing ratios varied from similar to 500 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) near the surface to similar to 75 pptv in the upper troposphere. Recent convective transport of near surface HCHO and its precursors, acetaldehyde and possibly methyl hydroperoxide, increased upper tropospheric HCHO mixing ratios by similar to 33% (22 pptv); this air contained roughly 60% less NO than more aged air. Output from the CAM-Chem chemistry transport model (2014 meteorology) as well as nine chemistry climate models from the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (free-running meteorology) are found to uniformly underestimate HCHO columns derived from in situ observations by between 4 and 50%. This underestimate of HCHO likely results from a near factor of two underestimate of NO in most models, which strongly suggests errors in NOx emissions inventories and/or in the model chemical mechanisms. Likewise, the lack of oceanic acetaldehyde emissions and potential errors in the model acetaldehyde chemistry lead to additional underestimates in modeled HCHO of up to 75 pptv (similar to 15%) in the lower troposphere.
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- Ankerst, Jaro, et al.
(author)
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Xolair Is Effective in Allergics with a Low Serum IgE Level.
- 2010
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In: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. - : S. Karger AG. - 1423-0097 .- 1018-2438. ; 152:1, s. 71-74
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Two atopic patients suffering from severe allergy difficult to handle by conventional medication were given Xolair despite an IgE level <30 kU/l. Methods: Increasing dosages were given and monitored by clinical evaluation and CD-sens to clinically relevant allergens. The patients' IgE antibody fractions were 11-14%. Results: Xolair dosages extrapolated from a recommended dose for IgE of 30-75 kU/l were adapted to the patients' IgE body pool but had very little effect. The double dose resulted in some clinical improvement and a decrease in CD-sens. However, not until the dose was doubled again did the patients become symptom free, although 1 patient needed some additional drugs but no oral steroids. CD-sens turned negative to 5 of the 7 tested allergens. Conclusions: Xolair is most useful also in atopics with an IgE level <30 kU/l. The dose must be adjusted to the size of the IgE antibody fraction adding all non-cross-reacting, clinically relevant specificities.
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- Nopp, A., et al.
(author)
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After 6 years with Xolair; a 3-year withdrawal follow-up
- 2010
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In: Allergy. - : Wiley. - 1398-9995 .- 0105-4538. ; 65:1, s. 56-60
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- P>Background: This study reports the clinical and immunological state of patients 3 years after a 6-year period of Xolair treatment for severe allergic asthma. Methods: The patient's cat allergen sensitivity, measured as CD-sens, IgE and IgE- and IgG4 antibodies, was analysed and compared with asthma severity evaluated from FEV1 and a questionnaire. Results: Three years after treatment with Xolair was stopped, 12/18 patients reported improved or unchanged asthma compared with ongoing Xolair treatment. Most of the patients were in a stable clinical condition, 16/18 had not increased nightly asthma attacks and 14/18 little or no increase in medication. The CD-sens to cat was still significantly lower (P < 0.02) than untreated patients with allergic asthma and lower than expected from their serum IgE antibody levels. Conclusion: Most of the patients in this study had, still 3 years after closing of 6 years Xolair treatment, a surprisingly mild and stable asthma. Interestingly, the observed, considerable, downregulation of basophil allergen sensitivity, CD-sens, most likely representing mast cell allergen sensitivity, contributed to the clinical results.
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| 9. |
- Nopp, A., et al.
(author)
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CD-sens: a biological measure of immunological changes stimulated by ASIT
- 2009
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In: Allergy. - : Wiley. - 1398-9995 .- 0105-4538. ; 64:5, s. 811-814
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) in allergic rhinitis and asthma is the only treatment that effects the long-term development of these diseases. Basophil allergen threshold sensitivity, CD-sens, which is a valuable complement to resource-demanding clinical challenge tests, was used to monitor the initiation of ASIT induced allergen 'blocking activity'. Patients IgE-sensitized to timothy (n = 14) or birch (n = 19) pollen were started on conventional (8-16 weeks) or ultra rush ASIT, respectively, and followed by measurements of CD-sens, allergen binding activity (ABA) and serum IgG4- and IgE-antibody concentrations. CD-sens decreased during the early phase of ASIT-treatment. In parallel, ABA increased and correlated significantly with the increasing levels of IgG4 antibody concentrations. High dosages of allergen were more effective while mode of dosing up did not seem to matter. No change was seen in basophil reactivity. CD-sens and ABA, in contrast to basophil reactivity, seem to be promising tools to monitor protective immune responses initiated by ASIT.
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| 10. |
- Nopp, A., et al.
(author)
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CD-sens and clinical changes during withdrawal of Xolair after 6 years of treatment
- 2007
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In: Allergy. - : Wiley. - 1398-9995 .- 0105-4538. ; 62:10, s. 1175-1181
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Many clinical trials with omalizumab, Xolair, have been reported but the treatment period has always been short, i.e. < 12 months. After withdrawal, the clinical symptoms tend to return. A group of patients who stopped treatment after approx. 6 years allowed studies of the long-term effects of Xolair. Methods: The patient's cat or mite allergen sensitivity was quantitated as basophil allergen threshold sensitivity, CD-sens, and immunoglobulin E (IgE) and IgE- and IgG4-antibodies were determined before start and during treatment withdrawal. Asthma severity was evaluated from forced expiratory volume (FEV), peak expiratory flow (PEF) and a questionnaire. Results: At 6-14 months without Xolair 13 of the 18 cat and mite allergic asthmatics had either improved or remained the same as on treatment. Most of the patients were in a stable clinical condition reporting high quality of life, no increased nightly asthma attacks, no emergency visits as well as little or no increase in medication. The CD-sens to cat showed a peak 4 months after withdrawal but then decreased to levels below those of untreated patients with allergic asthma and at 12 months six of 14 had nonreactive basophils. Cat IgG4 antibody levels were higher than in cat allergics in general. Conclusion: Most of the patients 12-14 months had, after closing of 6-year Xolair treatment, a surprisingly mild asthma. Interestingly, and probably contributing to the clinical results, a downregulation of basophil, and presumably also mast cell, reactivity, was seen.
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