| 1. |
- Chierici, Melissa, 1968, et al.
(author)
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The impact of biogeochemical processes and environmental factors on the calcium carbonate saturation state in the Circumpolar Flaw Lead in the Amundsen Gulf, Arctic Ocean. : Controls on calcium carbonate in the Arctic Ocean
- 2011
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In: Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans. - 2156-2202. ; 116:C00G09
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report on measurements across an annual cycle of carbon dioxide system parameters in the polar mixed layer (PML) of the circumpolar flaw lead in the Amundsen Gulf, Arctic Ocean. From these and other properties (nitrate, S, T) of the PML, we found that biological processes (photosynthesis and respiration) accounted for about 50% of the monthly variations in the carbonate ion concentration, [CO32−] and Ω, the saturation state of these waters with respect to calcite (ΩCa) and aragonite (ΩAr). Vertical mixing and salinity changes had equal impacts over the annual cycle. The impact of sea ice meltwater resulted in decreasing Ω values in summer, but most of this change was offset by the Ω increase as a result of CO2 drawdown during biological photosynthesis.
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| 2. |
- Wong, Fiona, et al.
(author)
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Air-Water Exchange of Anthropogenic and Natural Organohalogens on International Polar Year (IPY) Expeditions in the Canadian Arctic
- 2011
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In: Environmental Science and Technology. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 45:3, s. 876-881
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Shipboard measurements of organohalogen compounds in air and surface seawater were conducted in the Canadian Arctic in 2007-2008. Study areas included the Labrador Sea, Hudson Bay, and the southern Beaufort Sea. High volume air samples were collected at deck level (6 m), while low volume samples were taken at 1 and 15 m above the water or ice surface. Water samples were taken within 7 m. Water concentration ranges (pg L-1) were as follows: alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) 465-1013, gamma-HCH 150-254, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) 4.0-6.4, 2,4-dibromoanisole (DBA) 8.5-38, and 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (TBA) 4.7-163. Air concentration ranges (pg m(-3)) were as follows: alpha-HCH 7.5-48, gamma-HCH 2.1-7.7, HCB 48-71, DBA 4.8-25, and TBA 6.4 - 39. Fugacity gradients predicted net deposition of HCB in all areas, while exchange directions varied for the other chemicals by season and locations. Net evasion of alpha-HCH from Hudson Bay and the Beaufort Sea during open water conditions was shown by air concentrations that averaged 14% higher at 1 m than 15 m. No significant difference between the two heights was found over ice cover. The alpha-HCH in air over the Beaufort Sea was racemic in winter (mean enantiomer fraction, EF = 0.504 +/- 0.008) and nonracemic in late spring-early summer (mean EF = 0.476 +/- 0.010). This decrease in EF was accompanied by a rise in air concentrations due to volatilization of nonracemic alpha-HCH from surface water (EF = 0.457 +/- 0.019). Fluxes of chemicals during the southern Beaufort Sea open water season (i.e., Leg 9) were estimated using the Whitman two-film model, where volatilization fluxes are positive and deposition fluxes are negative. The means +/- SD (and ranges) of net fluxes (ng m(-2) d(-1)) were as follows: alpha-HCH 6.8 +/- 3.2 (2.7-13), gamma-HCH 0.76 +/- 0.40 (0.26-1.4), HCB -9.6 +/- 2.7 (-6.1 to -15), DBA 1.2 +/- 0.69 (0.04-2.0), and TBA 0.46 +/- 1.1 ng m(-2) d(-1) (-1.6 to 2.0).
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| 3. |
- Wong, Fiona, et al.
(author)
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Comparison of micrometeorological and two-film estimates of air-water gas exchange for alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane in the Canadian archipelago
- 2012
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In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0944-1344 .- 1614-7499. ; 19:6, s. 1908-1914
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The air-sea gas exchange of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) in the Canadian Arctic was estimated using a micrometeorological approach and the commonly used Whitman two-film model. Concurrent shipboard measurements of alpha-HCH in air at two heights (1 and 15 m) and in surface seawater were conducted during the Circumpolar Flaw Lead study in 2008. Sampling was carried out during eight events in the early summer time when open water was encountered. The micrometeorological technique employed the vertical gradient in air concentration and the wind speed to estimate the flux; results were corrected for atmospheric stability using the Monin-Obukhov stability parameter. The Whitman two-film model used the concentrations of alpha-HCH in surface seawater, in bulk air at 1 and 15 m above the surface, and the Henry's law constant adjusted for temperature and salinity to derive the flux. Both approaches showed that the overall net flux of alpha-HCH was from water to air. Mean fluxes calculated using the micrometeorological technique ranged from -3.5 to 18 ng m(-2) day(-1) (mean 7.4), compared to 3.5 to 14 ng m(-2) day(-1) (mean 7.5) using the Whitman two-film model. Flux estimates for individual events agreed in direction and within a factor of two in magnitude for six of eight events. For two events, fluxes estimated by micrometeorology were zero or negative, while fluxes estimated with the two-film model were positive, and the reasons for these discrepancies are unclear. Improvements are needed to shorten air sampling times to ensure that stationarity of meteorological conditions is not compromised over the measurement periods. The micrometeorological technique could be particularly useful to estimate fluxes of organic chemicals over water in situations where no water samples are available.
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