| 1. |
- Faletra, Francesco F, et al.
(author)
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Three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography: how to use and when to use—a clinical consensus statement from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging of the European Society of Cardiology
- 2023
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In: European Heart Journal Cardiovascular Imaging. - : Oxford University Press. - 2047-2404 .- 2047-2412. ; 24:8, s. e119-e197
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography (3D TOE) has been rapidly developed in the last 15 years. Currently, 3D TOE is particularly useful as an additional imaging modality for the cardiac echocardiographers in the echo-lab, for cardiac interventionalists as a tool to guide complex catheter-based procedures cardiac, for surgeons to plan surgical strategies, and for cardiac anaesthesiologists and/or cardiologists, to assess intra-operative results. The authors of this document believe that acquiring 3D data set should become a ‘standard part’ of the TOE examination. This document provides (i) a basic understanding of the physic of 3D TOE technology which enables the echocardiographer to obtain new skills necessary to acquire, manipulate, and interpret 3D data sets, (ii) a description of valvular pathologies, and (iii) a description of non-valvular pathologies in which 3D TOE has shown to be a diagnostic tool particularly valuable. This document has a new format: instead of figures randomly positioned through the text, it has been organized in tables which include figures. We believe that this arrangement makes easier the lecture by clinical cardiologists and practising echocardiographers.
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| 2. |
- Flachskampf, Frank A, et al.
(author)
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Recommendations for transoesophageal echocardiography : EACVI update 2014
- 2014
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In: European Heart Journal Cardiovascular Imaging. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2047-2404 .- 2047-2412. ; 15:4, s. 353-365
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- With this document, we update the recommendations for transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. The document focusses on the areas of interventional TOE, in particular transcatheter aortic, mitral, and left atrial appendage interventions, as well as on the role of TOE in infective endocarditis, adult congenital heart disease, and aortic disease.
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| 3. |
- Pepi, Mauro, et al.
(author)
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Recommendations for echocardiography use in the diagnosis and management of cardiac sources of embolism
- 2010
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In: European Journal of Echocardiography. - : Oxford Journals. - 1525-2167 .- 1532-2114. ; 11:6, s. 461-476
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Embolism of cardiac origin accounts for around 15–30% of ischaemic strokes. Strokes due to cardioembolism are generally severe and early and long-term recurrence and mortality are high. The diagnosis of a cardioembolic source of stroke is frequently uncertain and relies on the identification of a potential cardiac source of embolism in the absence of significant autochthone cerebrovascular occlusive disease. In this respect, echocardiography (both transthoracic and/or transoesophageal) serves as a cornerstone in the evaluation, diagnosis, and management of these patients. A clear understanding of the various types of cardiac conditions associated with cardioembolic stroke and their intrinsic risk is therefore very important. This article reviews potential cardiac sources of embolism and discusses the role of echocardiography in clinical practice. Recommendations for the use of echocardiography in the diagnosis of cardiac sources of embolism are given including major and minor conditions associated with the risk of embolism.
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