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| 2. |
- Wallstam, Martin, 1986-
(author)
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“Panem et Circenses” : Realizing Social Value in the Strategic Management of Events
- 2022
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Social value has been historically overlooked in the practice of strategic event management. By this thesis I hope to stimulate debate and improve the standing of social value in this domain. To do so, multiple aspects of value are addressed. I incorporate perspectives from different stakeholder groups such as researchers, policymakers, organizers and community residents. I also explore value through the three stages of conceptualization, operationalization and instrumentalization, to build a full picture of how value is perceived, measured, and used in the events sector. The synthesis of these different aspects then informs a discussion about social value in the strategic management of events in tourism- and public policy. I built the thesis on the case of Jämtland, a peripheral region in the northern parts of Sweden that is known for its diverse and relatively forward-thinking event portfolio. I incorporate elements of both qualitative and quantitative methods to address the research problems presented in my papers, effectively making the thesis as a whole a mixed-methods study. Social constructionist theory underlies the synthesis of the four papers, assuming that multiple realities exist and that perceptions of value are co-created between individuals, within stakeholder groups and between the groups themselves. The thesis highlights the omission of social value from strategic event management and therefore also from the use of events in community development, ultimately suggesting ways in which this omission could be addressed. The specific events that feature in this case study are major sports events, but it is hoped that findings can inform the wider theory and practice of strategic event management based on disparate types and sizes of events.
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| 3. |
- Armbrecht, John, et al.
(author)
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Covid-19 och hållbara evenemang : Påverkan, anpassning och framtid för evenemang inom idrott och friluftsliv
- 2021
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Reports (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Evenemangsbranschen kopplad till Sveriges idrotts- och friluftsliv har påverkats kraftigt av pandemin. I det korta perspektivet har tusentals människors jobb och fritid påverkats då aktiviteter uteblivit och evenemang ställts in. De långsiktiga konsekvenserna kan leda till en förändrad syn på hur man i framtiden kommer att resa, delta i evenemang och använda arenor. Detta får i sin tur konsekvenser för miljön. Denna rapport beskriver och analyserar studier gjorda under 2020 för att bättre förstå vilka effekter inställda evenemang har gett upphov till, men också huruvida det finns något i pandemin som kan bidra till mer hållbara evenemang. Studierna utgår från frågorna hur arrangörer och konsumenter påverkas av pandemin, hur alternativa evenemangslösningar kan uppstå och hur erfarenheterna kan tillvaratas efter pandemin. Rapporten bygger dels på tidigare forskning, dels på en enkät som skickats ut av Riksidrottsförbundet till samtliga anslutna föreningar våren 2020 (n=3 513), och på en enkät som Visit Stockholm och Göteborg & Co skickade till svensk allmänhet hösten 2020 (n=3 159). En stor del av idrottsutövandet i Sverige sker i organiserad form i någon av landets idrottsföreningar. För föreningarna och utövandet är evenemang centrala, och upp emot 90 procent av alla intäkter som föreningarna förlorat under pandemins första våg kan kopplas till uteblivna evenemang. Det är givetvis en varierande grad av intäktsbortfall, men hårdast drabbade i ekonomiska termer är ishockeyn och fotbollen. De största intäktsbortfallen vid uteblivna evenemang kan kopplas till anmälningsavgifter, biljettintäkter, sponsormedel och försäljning. Men, det blir också tydligt att det finns påtagliga negativa effekter som inte i första hand rör ekonomi. Vanliga icke-ekonomiska effekter är medlemstapp, liksom att färre aktiviteter leder till ökad fysisk och psykisk ohälsa, försämrad integration samt att idrotten inte längre får samma möjlighet att sprida glädje och gemenskap. Föreningarna framhåller behoven av ekonomiskt stöd men efterfrågar också stödbehov kopplat till att tolka riktlinjer, driva enskilda frågor gentemot ii myndigheter och andra, förnya evenemangen och inte minst hjälp med marknadsföring i tider när evenemangen startar upp igen. Enkäten som under hösten riktades till den svenska allmänheten visar att många kände sig negativt påverkade av inställda evenemang och ansåg att deras livskvalitet påverkats negativt. Evenemang ligger nära livsstil för många besökare och i rapporten diskuteras begreppet serious leisure där evenemang konstateras påverka människors vardag före, under och efter själva evenemanget. De flesta respondenter anser att digitala evenemang inte helt kan ersätta de evenemang där man träffas fysiskt. Dock anger var femte respondent att digitala evenemang helt eller delvis kan vara ett fullgott alternativ för framtiden vilket är en stor framtida utmaning och möjlighet både kommersiellt och miljömässigt. Pandemin har ökat medvetenheten om trygghet och säkerhet. I rapporten konstateras att det finns en rad åtgärder som arrangörer kan vidta för att möta besökares oro och farhågor. Utöver handsprit, närvarande publikvärdar och annat efterfrågas också större avstånd till andra besökare. Detta kan innebära en utveckling med fler evenemang men med färre besökare. Studien synliggör miljömässiga effekter där det kortsiktigt blivit ett minskat eller uteblivet resande på grund av inställda evenemang. Relativt få arrangörer har jobbat med att anpassa sina evenemang till distansoberoende genom exempelvis streaming eller andra digitala tjänster. På längre sikt konstateras dock pandemin kunna leda till att hela eller delar av evenemang anpassas till ett digitalt format, vilket kan innebära minskat resande och minskad miljöbelastning. Det kan också leda till ett ändrat användande av den infrastruktur som kopplas till evenemang, exempelvis minskat eller ändrat beroende av arenor. Sammantaget kan det konstateras att miljöfrågorna får står tillbaka under en brinnande kris som en pandemi utgör. Fokus ligger på verksamheternas överlevnad, akuta åtgärder och uthållighet. Men såväl direkt som indirekt kan pandemin påverka svenskars evenemangsbeteende. Detta ändrade beteende kan i sin tur påverka miljön både direkt och indirekt. Mer kunskap på området är nödvändig på väg mot målet och mer hållbara evenemang.
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| 4. |
- Armbrecht, John, et al.
(author)
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Swedish Sports Clubs and Events during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Impacts and Responses
- 2021
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In: Crisis Management and Recovery for Events: Impacts and Strategies. - Oxford : Goodfellow Publishers. - 9781911635901 ; , s. 193-212
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sweden has 10 million inhabitants of which more than 30% are members of at least one sports club. Typically, sports clubs are organized under the Swedish Sports Confederation (Riksidrottsförbundet). On a national level, approximately 19,000 sports clubs exist, distributed over 72 specialist sports federations. Each club usually stages one or several sport events every year. For example, specialist sports federations organize all championships at national and international levels. From a sports club perspective, these events constitute important sources of income. From a societal perspective, clubs and events create considerable economic impacts, foster public health, and facilitate integration contributing with substantial social values (Brown et al., 2015; Pettersson & Wallstam, 2017; Wallstam, Ioannides, & Pettersson, 2020). During the Covid-19 pandemic, most governments restricted individuals’ possibilities for gatherings and movements. On March 12th the Swedish government responded to the pandemic by limiting the number of participants to events to no more than 500 people. Starting March 29th gatherings were limited to 50 people. During the end of year 2020 and the second virus wave, further actions were taken. The government limited the number of visitors and participants to eight people. These restrictions had considerable negative effects on many sport-related activities, events, and thus clubs.
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| 5. |
- Caesar, Robert, 1973, et al.
(author)
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Comparative proteomics of industrial lager yeast reveals differential expression of the cerevisiae and non-cerevisiae parts of their genomes
- 2007
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In: Proteomics. - : Wiley. - 1615-9853 .- 1615-9861. ; 7:22, s. 4135-4147
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The proteomes of three industrial lager beer strains, CMBS33, OG2252 and A15, were analysed under standardised laboratory growth conditions. Protein spots in the 2-DE pattern of the lager strains were subjected to MS/MS to identify protein variants. We found the protein composition of the three lager strains to be qualitatively rather similar, while being substantially different from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain BY4742. Database searches using several fully sequenced genomes from the Saccharomyces genera indicated that the non-cerevisiae proteins in the 2-D pattern of lager strains were most closely related to S. bayanus. For many proteins the regulation of the bayanus-like protein and its cerevisiae counterpart varied in a strain-dependent manner, e.g. the bayanus-like form of Tdh3p was roughly eight-fold more abundant than the cerevisiae form in the OG2252 strain. We also found differential regulation of cerevisiae- and bayanus-like proteins during various stress conditions like low temperature growth, and adaptation to high temperatures or high salinity, e.g. for Arg1p, Sti1p and Pdc1p. Our data on the differential regulation of the two genomes in these hybrid strains may have important industrial implications for strain improvement and strain protection. © 2007 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
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| 6. |
- Eriksson, Axel, 1987-, et al.
(author)
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Environmental concerns in nature-based events : the permit process for organised outdoor recreation and sport
- 2023
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-2250 .- 1502-2269. ; 23:2-3, s. 176-194
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Jämtland in Northern Sweden is one of the most tourism and eventintense regions in the country. The rise in volume of events in alpine and subarctic nature environments, and the subsequent increase in participants, requires closer scrutiny of the environmental impacts.The region is characterised by mountains, forests and a sensitive ecological environment, and shared by several land users. With this study, we aim to gain in-depth knowledge of how environmental impacts are understood and valued in the regional assessment process for nature-based events and organised outdoor recreation.We analyse permit documents from the County Administrative Board of Jämtland from 2011 to 2020. The results show that most events were approved, and none were rejected solely due to environmental concerns. Assessments were instead balanced against other considerations, such as local development and economic gains. We argue that these priorities make nature a commercial arena for events, visitors and recreationists. This paper sheds light on human use and the associated environmental effects that further increase the pressure on nature. We end with managerial implications and propose that the permit process can be improved and integrated into spatial planning.
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| 7. |
- Jonsson, Annika, 1988-, et al.
(author)
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Besöksnäringens roll för regional utveckling : Ett nedslag i Jämtland Härjedalen
- 2020
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This report compiles data at a national and regional level in order to develop the tourism industry and provide input to the ongoing strategic work in the region of Jämtland Härjedalen. The report is part of a project with funding from Region Jämtland Härjedalen. The project is run by Jämtland Härjedalen Tourism (JHT), in collaboration with the tourism research centre ETOUR at Mid Sweden University. The report presents the complex nature of tourism research, including several academic disciplines in order to better understand, explain and problematise tourism and travel. Tourism is a global phenomenon that is closely linked to economic development, demographic change, social relations and changes in the natural environment. Tourism contributes, both positively and negatively, to ecological, economic and social change. There are several challenges when it comes to sustainable destination development where growth in business often is given priority before social and environmental consequences. Swedish tourism academic research often addresses the benefits and challenges that the tourism industry can bring to society. Research on the impact of tourism on the climate has also increased in recent years, as well as the role of tourism in local communities. A clear trend is that the focus on sustainability has become increasingly important in tourism research. In addition to tourism research, national and regional reports and documents on tourism in Sweden and Jämtland Härjedalen are presented. These reports and documents show that the country's growing tourism industry is important for development throughout the country, and there are clear synergies between local service and tourism in rural areas. The hospitality industry can be described as an important link between the city and the countryside, and there are few other industries that have such a distinct "whole-country perspective". There are challenges for the tourism and hospitality industry to achieve sustainable economic, ecological and social development. Therefore, there is a great need for a unified policy for the country's hospitality industry, where collaboration and joint development processes between several different actors at different levels are crucial. When people connected to the hospitality industry in Jämtland Härjedalen are asked about areas of strength and challenges, a broad picture emerges. It is worth noting that these are both positive and negative. Nature and sustainability have a major impact, but also soft values (eg health, pride, identity and the importance of the environment) play a big role. Smart specialization is a concept that revolves around the question how regions in the best way can strengthen their competitiveness. Those interviewed find that the hospitality industry is a good gateway into the labor market that offers employment throughout the region, even in areas that have few other employment possibilities. The hospitality industry is further found to contribute to good health and contributes to people moving to the region. Tourism maintains local service and in Jämtland Härjedalen it has a long tradition and strong connection to research and education. The final section of the report discusses how data and data analysis link to the tourism industry. It is stated that this relatively rich data material would benefit from more in-depth analysis and that the research community needs to be better at measuring, describing and comparing even societal and “soft” values. The report states that the operators in the tourism industry experience that roles and responsibilities are many times unclear. With an ever-changing funding, the conditions for long-term ambitions is weak. It is important to clarify roles and responsibilities, as well as what priorities are to be made in the future, that strategies at all levels are elaborated and anchored with good conditions for implementation. Finally, it is noted that the hospitality industry plays a major role in regional development and quality of life. The tourism impacts are often complex, but continued strategic decisions are important for strengthening long-term sustainable development that develops the local society, attracts tourists, offers job opportunities and make it possible for people to stay in the region.
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| 8. |
- Müller, Dieter K, 1968-, et al.
(author)
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Access to Sami tourism in Northern Sweden
- 2001
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-2250 .- 1502-2269. ; 1:1, s. 5-18
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In recent years, there has been increased development of indigenous tourism as part of the tourism industry. Even the Sami of Northern Sweden are now engaging in tourism, not least because the restructuring of reindeer herding has forced them into taking up other occupations. The purpose of this article is to analyse the potential of the emerging Sami tourism in Sweden, with special emphasis on access to Sami tourism products. The analysis uses the four H approach outlined by V. L. Smith - habitat, heritage, history and handicraft. The article starts with a short description of the Sami and their culture, followed by a discussion of the relationship between the Sami and tourism in northern Sweden. Smith's concept is then introduced, modified and applied in relation to the new Sami tourism development in the area. The analysis is based on a survey of all 68 Sami tourist attractions and projects in Swedish Lapland in 1999.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Pettersson, Robert, 1973-
(author)
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Developing indigenous tourism : Visiting the Sami people of Northern Sweden
- 2009
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Book (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Revised version of PhD-thesis: Sami tourism in Northern Sweden: supply, demand and interaction, by R. Pettersson (2004). Etour Scientific Book Series V 2004:14. ISBN: 91-974657-2-0. Indigenous tourism is an expansive sector in the growing tourism industry. The Sami people living in Sápmi in northern Europe have started to engage in tourism, particularly in view of the rationalised and modernised methods of reindeer herding. Sami tourism offers job opportunities and enables the spreading of information. On the other hand, Sami tourism may jeopardise the indigenous culture and harm the sensitive environment in which the Sami live. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the supply and demand of Sami tourism in northern Sweden. This is presented in four articles, preceded by an introductory section describing the purpose, method, theory, background, empirical evidence, and with a discussion and summaries in English and Swedish. The first two articles describe Sami tourism from a producer (article I) and a consumer perspective (article II), respectively. The question is to what extent the supply of tourist attractions related to the Swedish Sami corresponds to the demand of the tourists. The first article analyses the potential of the emerging Sami tourism in Sweden, with special emphasis on the access to Sami tourism products. The analysis is conducted by using the four Hs: habitat, heritage, history and handicrafts, as outlined by V.L. Smith. It is assumed that the potential for tourism development is also dependent on the spatial distribution of the tourist attractions, and therefore a geographical dimension has been added to the four Hs. The study shows that there is a growing supply of tourism activities related to the Swedish Sami. The development of tourism is, however, restricted by factors such as the peripheral location and the lack of traditions of entrepreneurship. The purpose of the second article is to analyse which factors influence tourists when they make their decisions about Sami tourism. In the article the respondents are requested to answer a number of hypothetical questions, ranking their preferences regarding supply, price and access. The method used for this is the Stated Preference method. The study indicates that tourism related to the Sami and Sami culture has a considerable future potential, but also that there is, in some respects, a gap between supply and demand. In the two following articles the interaction between the supply and demand of Sami tourism is studied at one of the largest Sami tourism attractions: the 400-year-old annual winter festival in Jokkmokk. The festival is studied in the light of its development over time (article III), and with regard to the Sami representation at the festival (article IV). In the third article the development of the festival is analysed in a study based on interviews, and a study of the application forms submitted by the tradesmen and festival leaflets from the past decades. The development of tourism at the Sami winter festival in Jokkmokk is compared with tourism development models, e.g. the life cycle model as outlined by Butler. The analysis shows that the festival in Jokkmokk, thanks to continuously added attractions, has been able to retain a rather high level of popularity, despite its peripheral location. Finally, the fourth article analyses to what extent the winter festival in Jokkmokk is a genuinely indigenous event, and to what extent it is staged. This is done by examining the Sami representation at the festival, with regard to its content and its spatial location, but also regarding Sami representation in media. Using primarily qualitative methods, three festival areas are identified: a commercial trading area, an activity-oriented area and finally a cultural area. It is argued that the indigenous culture presented at the festival and in media is highly staged, although backstage experiences are available for the Sami and for the tourists who show a special interest.
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