| 1. |
- Álvarez, Jorge, et al.
(author)
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Conclusions: Comparative Developments in Trade, Industrialization, and Inequality Since 1850
- 2022
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In: Scandinavia and South America—A Tale of Two Capitalisms. Essays on Comparative Developments in Trade, Industrialisation and Inequality since 1850. - Cham : Palgrave Macmillan. - 2662-6497 .- 2662-6500. - 9783031091971 ; , s. 325-338
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This final chapter offers a brief reflection on the contributions that the book has made to the previous discussions of why Scandinavia and South America experienced such different trajectories during the twentieth century. While Scandinavia converged with the rich countries, South America fell behind. This bifurcation occurred even though the two regions developed a similar role as suppliers of natural resources as they were drawn into the emerging Atlantic economy of the late nineteenth century. Both regions were peripheral to the heartlands of industrialization, i.e., peripheral in the functions they performed in the world market for commodities. As mentioned in Chapter 2, this divergence has intrigued scholars since at least the seminal contribution of Senghaas (1985), who compared the Scandinavian countries and southern settler economies of Australasia and South America. The string of studies in Senghaas’ wake, comparing economies that were geographically and culturally very distant from one another, thus preceded and paralleled the emergence and proliferation of the so-called Great Divergence debate (Pomerantz, 2000). The title of our book promises an attempt to examine the roles of trade, industrialization, and inequality in the diverging pathways of the two regions. We owe to the reader of this volume some final reflections on the ways in which our contributions have developed the issues that fascinated Dieter Senghaas and his followers as well as those areas that we consider fruitful for future research. We begin our reflections on the role of trade, followed by industrialization, and finally inequality.
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| 2. |
- Álvarez, Jorge, et al.
(author)
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Introduction: A Tale of Two Capitalisms
- 2022
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In: Scandinavia and South America— A Tale of Two Capitalisms. Essays on Comparative Developments in Trade, Industrialisation and Inequality since 1850. - Cham : Palgrave Macmillan. - 2662-6497 .- 2662-6500. - 9783031091971 ; , s. 1-23
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Lars Fredrik, Docent, 1974-, et al.
(author)
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Tillväxt och strukturomvandling
- 2020
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In: Vad är ekonomisk historia?. - : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144132945 ; , s. 117-152
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Bengtsson, Erik, 1984, et al.
(author)
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Productivity Relations among Second Wave Industrializers: Evidence from German–Swedish Benchmarks for 1907 and 1954
- 2015
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In: 11:e svenska ekonomisk-historiska mötet, Umeå, 8-10 oktober 2015.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Sweden and Germany are both famous as late industrializers, or more precisely as participants in the second wave of industrialization: after especially the United Kingdom led the way, a host of countries including Scandinavia and (the newly united) Germany followed from the 1870s on. The analysis of “late industrialization” often builds on a Gerschenkronian perspective, stressing the “advantages of backwardness” resulting on fast productivity growth. Furthermore, in economic history both Sweden and Germany have a reputation for strong iron and steel production, while Germany is also famous for its coal mines as well as the chemical industry and engineering. Sweden is more renowned for products relating to pulp and paper, but also engineering. This paper makes historical reconstructions of sectoral level productivity relations between manufacturing sectors in Sweden and Germany in 1907 and 1954 to establish which of the two countries had the more productive industries at different points in time from the late 19th century to the mid 20th century. We also focus specifically on the sectoral level.
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| 6. |
- Bengtsson, Erik, et al.
(author)
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The rise of the middle class : the income gap between salaried employees and workers in Sweden, ca. 1830–1940
- 2020
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In: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0358-5522 .- 1750-2837. ; 68:2, s. 91-111
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present the first comprehensive, long run salary information on Swedish middle-class employees before the twentieth century. Our data include, for instance, school teachers, professors, clerks, policemen and janitors in Stockholm and Sweden, ca. 1830–1940. We use the new data to compare the annual earnings of these middle-class employees with the annual earnings of farm workers, unskilled construction workers and manufacturing workers. The results show that the income gap between the middle class and the working class widen drastically from the mid-nineteenth century to a historically high level during the 1880s and 1890s. The differentials then decreased during the first four decades of the twentieth century. The bulging earnings advantage of middle-class employees vis-à-vis unskilled workers chimes with Kocka’s depiction of the latter half of the nineteenth century as the era of the bourgeoisie.
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| 7. |
- Bohlin, Jan, 1952, et al.
(author)
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A market with strings attached: agricultural price movements
- 2011
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In: Agriculture and forestry in Sweden since 1900. Geographical and historical studies. ed. Hans Antonson & Ulf Jansson; The Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry. Skogs- oct lantbrukshistoriska meddelanden nr 54.. - 1402-0386. ; , s. 123-138
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Bohlin, Jan, 1952, et al.
(author)
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Marknad med förhinder: prisutvecklingen på jordbruksfastigheter
- 2011
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In: Jordbruk och skogsbruk i Sverige sedan år 1900. Studier av de areella näringarnas geografi och historia red. Hans Antonson & Ulf Jansson; Kungl. Skogs- och lantbruksakademien. Skogs- och lantbrukshistoriska meddelanden nr 53. - 1402-0386. ; , s. 117-132
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 10. |
- Collin, Kristoffer, 1983, et al.
(author)
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Exploring regional wage dispersion in Swedish manufacturing, 1860–2009
- 2019
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In: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0358-5522 .- 1750-2837. ; 67:3, s. 249-268
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Economic theory predicts that regional wages will converge as transport and communication technologies bring labour markets together. An exploration of this transition from labour market segmentation to unification requires long-term evidence of nominal wages and cost of living by region. This paper presents new evidence of wages for male manufacturing workers and cost-of-living indices across 24 Swedish counties between 1860 and 2009. Our findings indicate that the Swedish regional wage differentials were a great deal larger in the 1860s than in the 2000s. Most of the compression took place between the 1860s and World War I, as well as in the 1930s and during World War II. Differences in expenditures on housing impact on our assessment of convergence in the post-World War II decades: the nominal measure declines, while the real one stays constant. Our concluding discussion engages with the assumption that before World War I, regional wage convergence was associated with labour mobility, spurred by improved communication and transportation technologies as well as by the implementation of modern employment contracts. In the 1930s and 1940s, in contrast, regional wage convergence can be traced to high unionisation and centralised collective bargaining in the labour market, two distinguishing features of the Swedish Model.
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