| 1. |
- Aasvang, Gunn Marit, et al.
(author)
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Burden of disease due to transportation noise in the Nordic countries.
- 2023
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In: Environmental research. - 1096-0953. ; 231:Pt 1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Environmental noise is of increasing concern for public health. Quantification of associated health impacts is important for regulation and preventive strategies.To estimate the burden of disease (BoD) due to road traffic and railway noise in four Nordic countries and their capitals, in terms of DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life Years), using comparable input data across countries.Road traffic and railway noise exposure was obtained from the noise mapping conducted according to the Environmental Noise Directive (END) as well as nationwide noise exposure assessments for Denmark and Norway. Noise annoyance, sleep disturbance and ischaemic heart disease were included as the main health outcomes, using exposure-response functions from the WHO, 2018 systematic reviews. Additional analyses included stroke and type 2 diabetes. Country-specific DALY rates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study were used as health input data.Comparable exposure data were not available on a national level for the Nordic countries, only for capital cities. The DALY rates for the capitals ranged from 329 to 485 DALYs/100,000 for road traffic noise and 44 to 146 DALY/100,000 for railway noise. Moreover, the DALY estimates for road traffic noise increased with up to 17% upon inclusion of stroke and diabetes. DALY estimates based on nationwide noise data were 51 and 133% higher than the END-based estimates, for Norway and Denmark, respectively.Further harmonization of noise exposure data is required for between-country comparisons. Moreover, nationwide noise models indicate that DALY estimates based on END considerably underestimate national BoD due to transportation noise. The health-related burden of traffic noise was comparable to that of air pollution, an established risk factor for disease in the GBD framework. Inclusion of environmental noise as a risk factor in the GBD is strongly encouraged.
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| 2. |
- Andersen, Zorana J., et al.
(author)
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Long-term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Incidence of Brain Tumor : the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE)
- 2018
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In: Neuro-Oncology. - : Oxford University Press. - 1522-8517 .- 1523-5866. ; 20:3, s. 420-432
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Epidemiological evidence on the association between ambient air pollution and brain tumor risk is sparse and inconsistent.Methods: In 12 cohorts from 6 European countries, individual estimates of annual mean air pollution levels at the baseline residence were estimated by standardized land-use regression models developed within the ESCAPE and TRANSPHORM projects: particulate matter (PM) ≤2.5, ≤10, and 2.5–10 μm in diameter (PM2.5, PM10, and PMcoarse), PM2.5 absorbance, nitrogen oxides (NO2 and NOx) and elemental composition of PM. We estimated cohort-specific associations of air pollutant concentrations and traffic intensity with total, malignant, and nonmalignant brain tumor, in separate Cox regression models, adjusting for risk factors, and pooled cohort-specific estimates using random-effects meta-analyses.Results: Of 282194 subjects from 12 cohorts, 466 developed malignant brain tumors during 12 years of follow-up. Six of the cohorts also had data on nonmalignant brain tumor, where among 106786 subjects, 366 developed brain tumor: 176 nonmalignant and 190 malignant. We found a positive, statistically nonsignificant association between malignant brain tumor and PM2.5 absorbance (hazard ratio and 95% CI: 1.67; 0.89–3.14 per 10–5/m3), and weak positive or null associations with the other pollutants. Hazard ratio for PM2.5 absorbance (1.01; 0.38–2.71 per 10–5/m3) and all other pollutants were lower for nonmalignant than for malignant brain tumors.Conclusion: We found suggestive evidence of an association between long-term exposure to PM2.5 absorbance indicating traffic-related air pollution and malignant brain tumors, and no association with overall or nonmalignant brain tumors.
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| 3. |
- Andersen, Zorana J., et al.
(author)
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Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer in 15 European cohorts within the ESCAPE project
- 2017
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In: Journal of Environmental Health Perspectives. - Research triangle park : US department of health. - 0091-6765 .- 1552-9924. ; 125:10
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Epidemiological evidence on the association between ambient air pollution and breast cancer risk is inconsistent.OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer in European women.METHODS: In 15 cohorts from nine European countries, individual estimates of air pollution levels at the residence were estimated by standardized land-use regression models developed within the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) and Transport related Air Pollution and Health impacts – Integrated Methodologies for Assessing Particulate Matter (TRANSPHORM) projects: particulate matter (PM) ≤2.5μm, ≤10μm, and 2.5–10μm in diameter (PM2.5, PM10, and PMcoarse, respectively); PM2.5 absorbance; nitrogen oxides (NO2 and NOx); traffic intensity; and elemental composition of PM. We estimated cohort-specific associations between breast cancer and air pollutants using Cox regression models, adjusting for major lifestyle risk factors, and pooled cohort-specific estimates using random-effects meta-analyses.RESULTS: Of 74,750 postmenopausal women included in the study, 3,612 developed breast cancer during 991,353 person-years of follow-up. We found positive and statistically insignificant associations between breast cancer and PM2.5 {hazard ratio (HR)=1.08 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.77, 1.51] per 5 μg/m(3)}, PM10 [1.07 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.30) per 10 μg/m(3)], PMcoarse[1.20 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.49 per 5 μg/m(3)], and NO(2) [1.02 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.07 per 10 μg/m(3)], and a statistically significant association with NOx [1.04 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.08) per 20 μg/m(3), p=0.04].CONCLUSIONS: We found suggestive evidence of an association between ambient air pollution and incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer in European women.
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| 4. |
- Beelen, Rob, et al.
(author)
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Long-term Exposure to Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Mortality An Analysis of 22 European Cohorts
- 2014
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In: Epidemiology. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1044-3983 .- 1531-5487. ; 25:3, s. 368-378
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Air pollution has been associated with cardiovascular mortality, but it remains unclear as to whether specific pollutants are related to specific cardiovascular causes of death. Within the multicenter European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE), we investigated the associations of long-term exposure to several air pollutants with all cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, as well as with specific cardiovascular causes of death. Methods: Data from 22 European cohort studies were used. Using a standardized protocol, study area-specific air pollution exposure at the residential address was characterized as annual average concentrations of the following: nitrogen oxides (NO2 and NOx); particles with diameters of less than 2.5 mu m (PM2.5), less than 10 mu m (PM10), and 10 mu m to 2.5 mu m (PMcoarse); PM2.5 absorbance estimated by land-use regression models; and traffic indicators. We applied cohort-specific Cox proportional hazards models using a standardized protocol. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to obtain pooled effect estimates. Results: The total study population consisted of 367,383 participants, with 9994 deaths from CVD (including 4,992 from ischemic heart disease, 2264 from myocardial infarction, and 2484 from cerebrovascular disease). All hazard ratios were approximately 1.0, except for particle mass and cerebrovascular disease mortality; for PM2.5, the hazard ratio was 1.21 (95% confidence interval = 0.87-1.69) per 5 mu g/m(3) and for PM10, 1.22 (0.91-1.63) per 10 mu g/m(3). Conclusion: In a joint analysis of data from 22 European cohorts, most hazard ratios for the association of air pollutants with mortality from overall CVD and with specific CVDs were approximately 1.0, with the exception of particulate mass and cerebrovascular disease mortality for which there was suggestive evidence for an association.
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| 5. |
- Cesaroni, Giulia, et al.
(author)
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Long term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of acute coronary events : prospective cohort study and meta-analysis in 11 European cohorts from the ESCAPE Project
- 2014
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In: The BMJ. - : BMJ. - 1756-1833. ; 348, s. f7412-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives To study the effect of long term exposure to airborne pollutants on the incidence of acute coronary events in 11 cohorts participating in the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). Design Prospective cohort studies and meta-analysis of the results. Setting Cohorts in Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, and Italy. Participants 100 166 people were enrolled from 1997 to 2007 and followed for an average of 11.5 years. Participants were free from previous coronary events at baseline. Main outcome measures Modelled concentrations of particulate matter <2.5 mu m (PM2.5), 2.5-10 mu m (PMcoarse), and <10 mu m (PM10) in aerodynamic diameter, soot (PM2.5 absorbance), nitrogen oxides, and traffic exposure at the home address based on measurements of air pollution conducted in 2008-12. Cohort specific hazard ratios for incidence of acute coronary events (myocardial infarction and unstable angina) per fixed increments of the pollutants with adjustment for sociodemographic and lifestyle risk factors, and pooled random effects meta-analytic hazard ratios. Results 5157 participants experienced incident events. A 5 mu g/m(3) increase in estimated annual mean PM2.5 was associated with a 13% increased risk of coronary events (hazard ratio 1.13, 95% confidence interval 0.98 to 1.30), and a 10 mu g/m(3) increase in estimated annual mean PM10 was associated with a 12% increased risk of coronary events (1.12, 1.01 to 1.25) with no evidence of heterogeneity between cohorts. Positive associations were detected below the current annual European limit value of 25 mu g/m(3) for PM2.5 (1.18, 1.01 to 1.39, for 5 mu g/m(3) increase in PM2.5) and below 40 mu g/m(3) for PM10 (1.12, 1.00 to 1.27, for 10 mu g/m(3) increase in PM10). Positive but non-significant associations were found with other pollutants. Conclusions Long term exposure to particulate matter is associated with incidence of coronary events, and this association persists at levels of exposure below the current European limit values.
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| 6. |
- Eriksson, Charlotta, et al.
(author)
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Trafikbuller i befolkningen : Exponering, utsatta grupper och besvär
- 2020
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Denna studie syftade till att beräkna antal och andel trafikbullerexponerade vid olika ljudnivåer i befolkningen i Stockholms län, både i nuläget och över tid. Ett anat syfte var att undersöka om det finns grupper i befolkningen som är särskilt utsatta för trafikbuller. Slutligen avsåg undersökningen även att studera samband mellan trafikbuller och livskvalitet samt olika former av besvär.Resultaten visar att en stor andel av befolkningen i Stockholms län utsätts för trafikbuller som kan vara potentiellt skadligt för välbefinnande och hälsa. Totalt beräknas att 395 000 personer, motsvarande 17,7 procent av länets befolkning, exponeras för ljudnivåer från trafik (väg- spår- eller flygtrafik) som överstiger 55 dB LAeq,24h. Utgår man istället från WHOs riktvärden, som är strängare än de svenska riktvärdena och satta enbart utifrån ett hälsoperspektiv, beräknas 926 000 personer (motsvarande 41,6 procent av befolkningen) utsättas för minst en bullerkälla vid bostaden.Rapporten visar också att det finns grupper i befolkningen som är särskilt utsatta vad gäller buller. Till exempel var det framför allt yngre personer (18-39 år), personer födda i övriga Europa/Världen, ogifta, de med högskoleutbildning, låginkomsttagare och personer boende i flerfamiljshus som var mest utsatta för ljudnivåer från vägtrafik som överstiger WHOs riktvärde (53 dB Lden). Bilden ser dock lite olika ut beroende på hur man väljer att definiera exponeringen samt på trafikslag. Slutligen, trafikbuller var i denna undersökning associerat med försämrad talförståelse och kommunikation, allmän bullerstörning och sömnstörning, men inte med livskvalitet.
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| 7. |
- Gruzieva, Olena, et al.
(author)
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Utomhusluften i Stockholms län : Exponering, utsatta grupper och besvär
- 2020
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Omgivningsmiljön och miljön i bostaden har en stor betydelse för folkhälsan. Dessa miljöer kan se olika ut för olika grupper i befolkningen vilket skapar ojämlika förutsättningar för en god hälsa. Den här undersökningen av särskilt utsatta grupper i befolkningen vad gäller exponering för luftföroreningar baserades på ett urval av befolkningen i Stockholms län som besvarat Miljöhälsoenkät 2015 (n=12 360).Resultaten visar ojämlikheter i exponering för luftföroreningar. Särskilt utsatta för luftföroreningar var yngre personer (18-39 år), ogifta, födda utanför Norden, de med högskoleutbildning och personer boende i flerfamiljshus. Dessutom observerade vi ett samband mellan exponering för luftföroreningar och upplevelse av luftkvalitet både inne i och utanför bostaden, självskattad påverkan på hälsa av utomhusluften, samt förekomst av besvär på grund av utomhusmiljö, framförallt avgaser.Resultaten visar också på en tydlig trend mellan halter av luftföroreningar utanför bostaden och självskattad påverkan på hälsa av utomhusluften, där de flesta som rapporterade negativ och mycket negativ påverkan på sin hälsa av utomhusluften bodde i område med högre halter av luftföroreningar.Det fanns även tydliga exponering-responssamband mellan luftföroreningshalter utanför bostaden och förekomst av besvär, framförallt av avgaser, samt trötthet.Sammanfattningsvis, resultaten som presenteras i den här rapporten talar för att det finns ojämlikheter i befolkningen både när det gäller exponering för luftföroreningar och besvär. Det är därför viktigt att fortsätta följa miljöns påverkan på hälsan med särskilt fokus på ojämlikhet mellan olika befolkningsgrupper.
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| 8. |
- Isaksson, Pia, et al.
(author)
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Exponering för perfluorerade ämnen från egen brunn; blodprovsstudie i befolkningen kring Visby flygplats
- 2020
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Hösten 2016 upptäcktes att dricksvattnet i enskilda brunnar runt Visby flygplats kunde vara förorenat av PFAS. Föroreningen kommer från brandskum, som använts på flygplatsens brandövningsplats. Boende i 93 fastigheter med enskild brunn erbjöds delta. Slutligen deltog 79 personer, varav 51 var fastboende och 28 fritidsboende, i provtagningen i september 2018. Deltagarna hade druckit vatten från 34 olika brunnar med varierande halter av PFAS.Medianvärdet hos deltagarna från Visby, i synnerhet bland fastboende, visar på förhöjda halter av PFAS-ämnen i blodet jämfört med vad man normalt ser i svensk allmänbefolkning, som inte har haft förhöjda PFAS-halter i dricksvattnet. Halterna av PFAS-ämnen bland deltagarna från Visby var dock betydligt lägre än bland dem som druckit PFAS-förorenat vatten i Lulnäset, Arvidsjaur och Ronneby.Resultaten från studien kommer att läggas ihop med liknande studier för att ta fram en beräkningsmodell med vilken blodhalter av PFAS kan uppskattas utifrån mätningar av PFAS förekomsten i konsumenternas dricksvatten.
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| 9. |
- Kilbo Edlund, Karl, et al.
(author)
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Long-term ambient air pollution and coronary atherosclerosis : results from the Swedish SCAPIS study
- 2024
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In: Atherosclerosis. - : Elsevier. - 0021-9150 .- 1879-1484.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background and aims: Despite firm evidence for an association between long-term ambient air pollution exposure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, results from epidemiological studies on the association between air pollution exposure and atherosclerosis have not been consistent. We investigated associations between long-term low-level air pollution exposure and coronary atherosclerosis.Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis in the large Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImaging Study (SCAPIS, n = 30 154), a random general population sample. Concentrations of total and locally emitted particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5), <10 μm (PM10), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at the residential address were modelled using high-resolution dispersion models. We estimated associations between air pollution exposures and segment involvement score (SIS), coronary artery calcification score (CACS), number of non-calcified plaques (NCP), and number of significant stenoses, using ordinal regression models extensively adjusted for potential confounders.Results: Median 10-year average PM2.5 exposure was 6.2 μg/m3 (range 3.5–13.4 μg/m3). 51 % of participants were women and 51 % were never-smokers. None of the assessed pollutants were associated with a higher SIS or CACS. Exposure to PM2.5 was associated with NCP (adjusted OR 1.34, 95 % CI 1.13, 1.58, per 2.05 μg/m3). Associations with significant stenoses were inconsistent.Conclusions: In this large, middle-aged general population sample with low exposure levels, air pollution was not associated with measures of total burden of coronary atherosclerosis. However, PM2.5 appeared to be associated with a higher prevalence of non-calcified plaques. The results suggest that increased risk of early-stage atherosclerosis or rupture, but not increased total atherosclerotic burden, may be a pathway for long-term air pollution effects on cardiovascular disease.
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| 10. |
- Kilbo Edlund, Karl, et al.
(author)
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Long-term ambient air pollution and coronary atherosclerosis: Results from the Swedish SCAPIS study.
- 2024
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In: Atherosclerosis. - 1879-1484.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Despite firm evidence for an association between long-term ambient air pollution exposure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, results from epidemiological studies on the association between air pollution exposure and atherosclerosis have not been consistent. We investigated associations between long-term low-level air pollution exposure and coronary atherosclerosis.We performed a cross-sectional analysis in the large Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImaging Study (SCAPIS, n=30154), a random general population sample. Concentrations of total and locally emitted particulate matter <2.5μm (PM2.5), <10μm (PM10), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at the residential address were modelled using high-resolution dispersion models. We estimated associations between air pollution exposures and segment involvement score (SIS), coronary artery calcification score (CACS), number of non-calcified plaques (NCP), and number of significant stenoses, using ordinal regression models extensively adjusted for potential confounders.Median 10-year average PM2.5 exposure was 6.2μg/m3 (range 3.5-13.4μg/m3). 51% of participants were women and 51% were never-smokers. None of the assessed pollutants were associated with a higher SIS or CACS. Exposure to PM2.5 was associated with NCP (adjusted OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.13, 1.58, per 2.05μg/m3). Associations with significant stenoses were inconsistent.In this large, middle-aged general population sample with low exposure levels, air pollution was not associated with measures of total burden of coronary atherosclerosis. However, PM2.5 appeared to be associated with a higher prevalence of non-calcified plaques. The results suggest that increased risk of early-stage atherosclerosis or rupture, but not increased total atherosclerotic burden, may be a pathway for long-term air pollution effects on cardiovascular disease.
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