| 1. |
- Brännvall, Elisabet, 1961-, et al.
(author)
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Analysis of entrapped and free liquor to gain new insights into kraft pulping
- 2021
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In: Cellulose. - : Springer Science and Business Media B.V.. - 0969-0239 .- 1572-882X. ; 28, s. 2403-2418
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Most of our knowledge on kraft pulping comes from studies on dissolved lignin in the freely drainable black liquor and isolated residual lignin in pulp. However, entrapped liquor in the delignified chips has been shown to differ significantly from the free liquor. The present study has compared three liquor fractions: free, lumen and fiber wall liquor. The free liquor was obtained by draining the delignified chips, the lumen liquor was separated by centrifugation and the fiber wall liquor by subsequent leaching. The liquor in the fiber wall had the lowest concentration of lignin and hydrosulfide ions and the highest concentration of monovalent cations. The dissolved lignin in the fiber wall liquor had the highest molar mass and the highest content of xylan. The highest concentration of dissolved lignin was in the liquor filling the lumen cavities. The lignin in the free liquor had the lowest molar mass and the lowest content of lignin structures containing β-O-4 linkages and aliphatic hydroxyl groups. The lowest mass transfer rate of dissolved lignin was from the lumen liquor to the free liquor probably restricted by the tortuosity of the chip.
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| 2. |
- Lihammar, Richard, et al.
(author)
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Epimerization of Glycal Derivatives by a Cyclopentadienylruthenium Catalyst : Application to Metalloenzymatic DYKAT
- 2014
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In: Chemistry - A European Journal. - Weinheim : Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. - 0947-6539 .- 1521-3765. ; 20:45, s. 14756-14762
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Epimerization of a non-anomeric stereogenic center in carbohydrates is an important transformation in the synthesis of natural products. In this study an epimerization procedure of the allylic alcohols of glycals by cyclopentadienylruthenium catalyst 1 is presented. The epimerization of 4,6-O-benzylidene-D-glucal 4 in toluene is rapid, and an equlibrium with its D-allal epimer 5 is established within 5min at room temperature. Exchange rates for allal and glucal formation were determined by 1D H-1 EXSY NMR experiments to be 0.055s(-1) and 0.075s(-1), respectively. For 4-O-benzyl-L-rhamnal 8 the epimerization was less rapid and four days of epimerization was required to achieve equilibration of the epimers at room temperature. The epimerization methodology was subsequently combined with acylating enzymes in a dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT), giving stereoselective acylation to the desired stereoisomers 12, 13, and 15. The net effect of this process is an inversion of a stereogenic center on the glycal, and yields ranging from 71% to 83% of the epimer were obtained.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Regnell Andersson, Sofia, et al.
(author)
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Lignin Bimodality : Fact or Artefact?
- 2018
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In: 15th European workshop on lignocellulosics and pulp. ; , s. 97-100
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) of lignin poses many challenges. In numerous studies chromatograms of lignin show a bimodal molar mass distribution. Is this a true characteristic of lignin, is it caused by molecular associations or aggregations, or could it could be an artefact from using column combinations with porosities that do not match properly? To improve resolution and enable separation over a larger molar mass range, multiple columns with different porosities are often connected in series. If the porosities do not match properly, the result appears as a shoulder or bimodality in the chromatogram. To understand whether the bimodal distribution is a sample characteristic or an analyze artefact, we have used different columns, column combination and samples to see when the results is a bimodal distribution and when only one peak is formed. Results show that the bimodality of lignin can be an artifact originating from column mismatch. Using single porosity columns with a low molar mass cut-off should be avoided since it can cause false bimodality.
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| 5. |
- Roslund, Mattias U., et al.
(author)
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Complete 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift assignments of mono-, di-, and trisaccharides as basis for NMR chemical shift predictions of polysaccharides using the computer program CASPER
- 2011
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In: Carbohydrate Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0008-6215 .- 1873-426X. ; 346:11, s. 1311-1319
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The computer program casper uses 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift data of mono- to trisaccharides for the prediction of chemical shifts of oligo- and polysaccharides. In order to improve the quality of these predictions the 1H and 13C, as well as 31P when applicable, NMR chemical shifts of 30 mono-, di-, and trisaccharides were assigned. The reducing sugars gave two distinct sets of NMR resonances due to the α- and β-anomeric forms. In total 35 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift data sets were obtained from the oligosaccharides. One- and two-dimensional NMR experiments were used for the chemical shift assignments and special techniques were employed in some cases such as 2D 1H,13C-HSQC Hadamard Transform methodology which was acquired approximately 45 times faster than a regular t1 incremented 1H,13C-HSQC experiment and a 1D 1H,1H-CSSF-TOCSY experiment which was able to distinguish spin-systems in which the target protons were only 3.3 Hz apart. The 1H NMR chemical shifts were subsequently refined using total line-shape analysis with the PERCH NMR software. The acquired NMR data were then utilized in the casper program (http://www.casper.organ.su.se/casper/) for NMR chemical shift predictions of the O-antigen polysaccharides from Klebsiella O5, Shigella flexneri serotype X, and Salmonella arizonae O62. The data were compared to experimental data of the polysaccharides from the two former strains and the lipopolysaccharide of the latter strain showing excellent agreement between predicted and experimental 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts.
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| 6. |
- Röding, Magnus, et al.
(author)
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Machine learning-accelerated small-angle X-ray scattering analysis of disordered two- and three-phase materials
- 2022
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In: Frontiers in Materials. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-8016. ; 9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a useful technique for nanoscale structural characterization of materials. In SAXS, structural and spatial information is indirectly obtained from the scattering intensity in the spectral domain, known as the reciprocal space. Therefore, characterizing the structure requires solving the inverse problem of finding a plausible structure model that corresponds to the measured scattering intensity. Both the choice of structure model and the computational workload of parameter estimation are bottlenecks in this process. In this work, we develop a framework for analysis of SAXS data from disordered materials. The materials are modeled using Gaussian Random Fields (GRFs). We study the case of two phases, pore and solid, and three phases, where a third phase is added at the interface between the two other phases. Further, we develop very fast GPU-accelerated, Fourier transform-based numerical methods for both structure generation and SAXS simulation. We demonstrate that length scales and volume fractions can be predicted with good accuracy using our machine learning-based framework. The parameter prediction executes virtually instantaneously and hence the computational burden of conventional model fitting can be avoided. Copyright © 2022 Röding, Tomaszewski, Yu, Borg and Rönnols.
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| 7. |
- Rönnols, Jerk, et al.
(author)
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Absolute determination of softwood kraft lignin molar mass using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and pulsed field gradient NMR
- 2016
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In: 14th European Workshop on Lignocellulosics and Pulp: EWLP 2016. - 9791090188013 ; , s. 143-146
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Knowledge of the molecular properties, e.g. the molar mass, of lignin are of central importance for industrial applications, since thermal and mechanical characteristics are governed by these. Here, a method for absolute determination of weight-average molar mass of kraft lignin, based on diffusion constants gained from PFG-NMR calibrated with lignin fractions characterized by MALDI-TOF-MS, is presented. The NMR method is compared to polystyrene calibration, and size exclusion chromatography with tetrahydrofuran as mobile phase.
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| 8. |
- Rönnols, Jerk, et al.
(author)
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Benchtop NMR measurements on kraft lignin
- 2017
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In: 19th International symposium on wood, fibre and pulping chemistry, August 28 - September 1, 2017, Porto Seguro, Brazil. ; , s. 434-438
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The use of NMR spectroscopy at high magnetic fields is a common tool in the analysis of lignin samples. In the presented study, NMR measurements on a group of softwood and hardwood kraft lignins at low field (1.0 T) with a benchtop NMR spectrometer, containing a permanent magnet, are investigated and evaluated. NMR based diffusion measurements were performed, for which the results were found to be fast, repeatable, and in good agreement numbers to measurements at high field. Measurements were also performed on a sample in alkaline solution, as a model for black liquor analysis, with promising initial results.
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| 9. |
- Rönnols, Jerk, et al.
(author)
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Chair interconversion and reactivity of mannuronic acid esters
- 2013
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In: Organic and biomolecular chemistry. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1477-0520 .- 1477-0539. ; 11:46, s. 8127-8134
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Mannopyranosyluronic acids display a very unusual conformation behavior in that they often prefer to adopt a C-1(4) chair conformation. They are endowed with a strikingly high reactivity when used in a glycosylation reaction as a glycosyl donor. To investigate the unusual conformational behavior a series of mannuronic acid ester derivatives, comprising anomeric triflate species and O-methyl glycosides, was examined by dynamic NMR experiments, through lineshape analysis of H-1 and F-19 NMR spectra at various temperatures from -80 degrees C to 0 degrees C. Exchange rates between C-4(1) and C-1(4) chair conformations were found to depend on the electronic properties and the size of the C2 substituent (F, N-3 or OBn) and the aglycon, with higher exchange rates for the glycosyl triflates and smaller C2 substituents. Low temperature F-19 exchange spectroscopy experiments showed that the covalently bound anomeric triflates did not exchange with free triflate species present in the reaction mixture. To relate the conformational behavior of the intermediate triflates to their reactivity in a glycosylation reaction, their relative reactivity was determined via competition reactions monitored by H-1 NMR spectroscopy at low temperature. The 2-O-benzyl ether compound was found to be most reactive whereas the 2-fluoro compound - the most flexible of the studied compounds - was least reactive. Whereas the ring-flip of the mannuronic acids is important for the enhanced reactivity of the donors, the rate of the ring-flip has little influence on the relative reactivity.
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| 10. |
- Rönnols, Jerk, et al.
(author)
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Complete H-1 and C-13 NMR chemical shift assignments of mono- to tetrasaccharides as basis for NMR chemical shift predictions of oligosaccharides using the computer program CASPER
- 2013
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In: Carbohydrate Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0008-6215 .- 1873-426X. ; 380, s. 156-166
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- H-1 and C-13 NMR chemical shift data are used by the computer program CASPER to predict chemical shifts of oligo- and polysaccharides. Three types of data are used, namely, those from monosaccharides, disaccharides, and trisaccharides. To improve the accuracy of these predictions we have assigned the H-1 and C-13 NMR chemical shifts of eleven monosaccharides, eleven disaccharides, twenty trisaccharides, and one tetrasaccharide; in total 43 compounds. Five of the oligosaccharides gave two distinct sets of NMR resonances due to the alpha- and beta-anomeric forms resulting in 48 H-1 and C-13 NMR chemical shift data sets. In addition, the pyranose ring forms of Neu5Ac were assigned at two temperatures, due to chemical shift displacements as a function of temperature. The H-1 NMR chemical shifts were refined using total line-shape analysis with the PERCH NMR software. H-1 and C-13 NMR chemical shift predictions were subsequently carried out by the CASPER program (http://www.casper.organ.su.se/casper/) for three branched oligosaccharides having different functional groups at their reducing ends, namely, a mannose-containing pentasaccharide, and two fucose-containing heptasaccharides having N-acetyllactosamine residues in the backbone of their structures. Good to excellent agreement was observed between predicted and experimental H-1 and C-13 NMR chemical shifts showing the utility of the method for structural determination or confirmation of synthesized oligosaccharides.
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