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| 2. |
- Clemens, Franziska, 1981, et al.
(author)
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Skulking around the dinosaur: Eliciting cues to children’s deception via strategic disclosure of evidence.
- 2010
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In: Applied Cognitive Psychology. ; 24, s. 925-940
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Research has shown that cues to deception are more salient as an effect of strategic use of evidence (SUE) during interviews. This study examined the feasibility of the SUE-technique for eliciting cues to children's deception. Experiment 1 investigated verbal cues to deception as a function of early vs. late disclosure of evidence. Eighty-four children (12–14 years) either guilty or innocent of a mock crime were interviewed. As predicted, deceptive statements were significantly more inconsistent with the evidence than truthful statements, and this was more pronounced as a function of late compared to early disclosure of evidence. In Experiment 2, adult observers (N=168) made veracity assessments of the videotaped statements. Observers in the late disclosure condition achieved an accuracy rate higher than chance (63.1%), whereas accuracy rates in the early disclosure condition were at chance level (56%). Accuracy rates were significantly higher for truthful (70.2%), than deceptive statements (48.8%).
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| 3. |
- Clemens, Franziska, 1981, et al.
(author)
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Skulking around the dinosaur statue: Detecting children's deception via strategic disclosure of evidence
- 2008
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In: Paper presented at the 5th meeting of the Nordic Network for Research in Psychology and Law (NNPL), 10-11 October 2008 in Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Since previous studies have shown the potential of late disclosure of evidence as a deception detection tool, this study examined whether or not these results can be replicated with children as liars and truth-tellers. It was hypothesized that the deception detection accuracy in the late disclosure condition would be significantly higher than in the early disclosure condition. In an experiment, 168 adult observers judged the veracity of 84 children (12–14 years), interviewed separately about a mock crime they had (liars) or had not (truth-tellers) committed. In half of the interviews the evidence was disclosed early, in the other half late. The accuracy rate was 56% for the early disclosure condition, and 63.1% for the late disclosure condition (a non-significant difference). Furthermore, the observers were better at detecting truthful statements (70.2%), than lies (48.8%). We will discuss the results in relation to past research and in terms of statement-evidence inconsistency.
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| 4. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(author)
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Social influence on eyewitness memory
- 2010
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In: Forensic psychology in context: Nordic and international approaches. - Cullompton, Devon, U.K. : Willan Publishing. - 9781843928270 ; , s. 139-153
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Social influence on memory may come in many shapes and forms, and in the current chapter we will mainly focus on the influence exerted by other witnesses; so-called ‘co-witness influence’. Co-witness influence refers to a situation where a witness conforms to the statement presented by one or several other witnesses (i.e., the witness changes his or her memory in accordance with the external pressure). We will start by focusing on children’s memory and review a number of sources that moderate social influence, and we will also briefly discuss different memory errors that may follow. Then we turn to some of the factors that appear to regulate the social influence on adults’ memory reports. In a separate section we acknowledge the difficulty deciding whether a witness who incorrectly reports a specific detail really does have a false memory, or is simply reporting this detail without actually remembering it. Before summing up we invoke some basic concepts from cognitive and social psychology which illuminates why the effects following social influence are so powerful and pervasive.
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| 5. |
- Green, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Alcohol-intoxication and eyewitness’ event memory: A field study
- 2020
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In: Oral presentation at the 1th virtual conference of the European Association of Psychology and Law (EAPL)..
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Background: The aim of the present study is to examine the amount of details alcohol-intoxicated eyewitnesses are able to recollect and the accuracy of those details. The novelty of this quasi-experimental study is that it is conducted in a field setting where the levels of breath alcohol content (BrAC) among the participants is potentially higher than in laboratory studies. Method: Participants (N = 65) were recruited in bars. Their breath alcohol content (BrAC) ranged from 0.00-0.15% (M = 0.05%, SD = 0.04). Participants were then shown a video depicting a mock-crime and interviewed afterwards. For analytic purposes, level of intoxication was collapsed into low (BrAC 0.000 - 0.049%, n = 36), moderate (BrAC = 0.050 - 0.100%, n = 18) and high intoxication (BrAC = 0.110 - 0.150%, n = 11). Results: The data collection is ongoing and results are preliminary. An ANOVA showed that BrAC had a significant effect on accuracy of memory, F(2, 62) = 4.26, p = 0.02, η2 = 0.12. Post hoc comparisons showed that the high intoxication group had a significantly lower accuracy rate (M = 87%, SD = 0.07) than the low (M = 92%, SD = 0.05) and the moderate intoxication group (M = 93%, SD = 0.06). No significant effect was found on the amount of details reported, F(2, 62) = 0.38, p = 0.68. Conclusions: It seems that quality of recall is only influenced at BrAC levels above 0.10%. Considering that mean BrAC was only 0.05% and is subject to change as more data is collected, restraint is recommended when interpreting these results. The results and their significance will be discussed in contrast to recent findings in the field of research.
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| 6. |
- Hagsand, Angelica, 1985, et al.
(author)
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Alcohol, crime and memory. Intoxicated eyewitnesses delayed recall of a kidnapping.
- 2012
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In: Svenska föreningen för Alkohol- och Drogforskning, konferens 8-9 November, Norrköping.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Alcohol is involved in 50-70% of violent crimes in Sweden. Eyewitness memory is a valuable source in investigations and it is common that the police interview alcohol intoxicated eyewitnesses. There are few studies on how alcohol affects witness memory. This study investigated how different doses of alcohol affected eyewitness recall one week after witnessing a crime and potential sex differences. The participants (N = 126) were healthy adults and were randomly assigned to either a control group, 0.0 g/kg ethanol (N = 42), a lower alcohol dose group, 0.4 g/kg ethanol (N = 40), or a higher alcohol dose group, 0.7 g/kg ethanol (N = 44). After 15 minutes consumption in a laboratory, participants witnessed a film showing a kidnapping of a woman by two men. The witnesses were interviewed about the crime one week later in a sober state. Witnesses in the higher alcohol dose group recalled fewer details compared to witnesses in the lower alcohol dose group. The amount of alcohol consumed did not have an impact on accuracy. Women and men reached the same blood alcohol concentration and no sex differences were found in recall. Interestingly, although the witnesses in the high alcohol dose group reported less information, their testimony was as correct as the testimony given by witnesses in the control group and the lower alcohol dose group. Despite the interesting results, more studies are needed before recommendations to the legal system can be made.
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| 7. |
- Hagsand, Angelica, 1985, et al.
(author)
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Alcohol intoxicated eyewitnesses´ delayed recall of a kidnapping.
- 2013
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In: Poster presented at the European Association of Psychology and Law, 5th of September 2013, Coventry, UK..
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This study investigated how different doses of alcohol affected eyewitness recall. Participants (N = 126) were randomly assigned to three groups with different blood alcohol concentration (BAC), either a control group (mean BAC 0.00%, N = 42), a lower alcohol dose group (mean BAC 0.04%, N = 40), or a higher alcohol dose group (mean BAC 0.06%, N = 44). After consumption in a laboratory, participants witnessed a film of a mock crime where a woman was kidnapped by two men. One week after, the witnesses were interviewed in a sober state, by interviewers who were blind to which beverage the witnesses had consumed the week before. The main results showed that witnesses with the higher intoxication level recalled fewer details compared to witnesses with the lower intoxication level. The amount of alcohol consumed did not have an impact on the accuracy rate. No sex differences were found. We conclude that more studies are needed before recommendations can be made to an applied setting, but this study showed that alcohol may have a negative impact on eyewitness recall.
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| 8. |
- Hagsand, Angelica, 1985, et al.
(author)
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Alcohol-intoxicated eyewitnesses’ memory: The effects of recall format, recall time, and repeated interviewing
- 2015
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In: Annual convention for Association for Psychological Science (APS), 2015-05-22, New York City, USA.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Intoxicated eyewitnesses are common, but are often discredited by investigators and in courts. The aim was to examine how intoxication (control vs. alcohol), recall format (free vs. cued), recall time (immediate vs. one week delayed), and repeated interviewing affects witnesses’ memory. The participants (N = 99) were randomly assigned to consume either juice or alcohol (0.7 g/kg), and they then witnessed a filmed staged crime. The participants were asked for a free recall followed by cued recall, either a) immediately and after a one week delay or b) only after a one week delay. Intoxicated witnesses recalled the same amount of information as sober ones in the cued recall phase, but significantly less details than sober ones in the free recall phase. However, all witnesses recalled more details and had a higher accuracy rate in free recall compared to cued recall. Overall, there was no difference between sober and intoxicated witnesses with respect to their accuracy rate. Also, all witnesses reported more details and were more accurate at the immediate compared to the delayed recall. However, conducting two recalls were more superior to one recall, since all witnesses recalled new details with relatively high accuracy at the second recall. Results are discussed in the light of their theoretical and applied relevance.
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| 9. |
- Hagsand, Angelica, 1985, et al.
(author)
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Alcohol-intoxicated witnesses: A review of the current literature and new steps forward.
- 2014
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In: Nordic Network for Psychology and Law (NNPL), 7-8 November 2014, Oslo, Norway.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Eyewitnesses often provide central investigative leads in many criminal cases, and are often the sole source of evidence. Many witnesses are under the influence of alcohol during the crime, and/or during the investigative interview and line-up. There is evidence that jurors and expert witnesses perceive intoxicated witnesses as more cognitively impaired and less credible than sober ones. The few studies that have examined the effects of alcohol on witness memory for events cast doubt on whether expert witnesses’ and jurors’ inferences are warranted. That is, in experimental studies, intoxicated witnesses rarely differ from sober or placebo witnesses in terms of accuracy and quantity of information recalled or in their ability to recognize a perpetrator in a lineup. At the few occasions when a detrimental effect of alcohol on witness memory has been found it resulted in small differences between alcohol and sober or placebo participants, barely of any practical significance for law enforcement personnel. The present literature review indicates that intoxicated witnesses might be better than their reputation, and that witnesses who have a low to moderate intoxication level (BAC <0.10%) can be rather reliable sources of information in criminal investigations. However, limitations in the previous studies are highlighted and new steps of further research is discussed.
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| 10. |
- Hagsand, Angelica, 1985, et al.
(author)
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Bottled memories: On how alcohol affects eyewitness recall
- 2013
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 54:3, s. 188-195
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigated how different doses of alcohol affected eyewitness recall. Participants (N = 126) were randomly assigned to three groups with different blood alcohol concentration (BAC), either a control group (mean BAC 0.00%, N = 42), a lower alcohol dose group (mean BAC 0.04%, N = 40), or a higher alcohol dose group (mean BAC 0.06%, N = 44). After consumption, participants witnessed a movie of a mock crime and were interviewed one week later. The main results showed that witnesses with the higher intoxication level recalled fewer details compared to witnesses with the lower intoxication level. The amount of alcohol consumed did not have an impact on the accuracy rate. No sex differences were found. The results are discussed in the light of past research. We conclude that more studies are needed before recommendations can be made to an applied setting. Key words: Alcohol, eyewitness memory, recall, delayed interview, intoxicated witnesses.
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