| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Brütt, Katharina, et al.
(author)
-
Competition and moral behavior: A meta-analysis of forty-five crowd-sourced experimental designs
- 2023
-
In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS. - : National Academy of Sciences. - 1091-6490 .- 0027-8424. ; 120:23
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Does competition affect moral behavior? This fundamental question has been debated among leading scholars for centuries, and more recently, it has been tested in experimental studies yielding a body of rather inconclusive empirical evidence. A potential source of ambivalent empirical results on the same hypothesis is design heterogeneity-variation in true effect sizes across various reasonable experimental research protocols. To provide further evidence on whether competition affects moral behavior and to examine whether the generalizability of a single experimental study is jeopardized by design heterogeneity, we invited independent research teams to contribute experimental designs to a crowd-sourced project. In a large-scale online data collection, 18,123 experimental participants were randomly allocated to 45 randomly selected experimental designs out of 95 submitted designs. We find a small adverse effect of competition on moral behavior in a meta-analysis of the pooled data. The crowd-sourced design of our study allows for a clean identification and estimation of the variation in effect sizes above and beyond what could be expected due to sampling variance. We find substantial design heterogeneity-estimated to be about 1.6 times as large as the average standard error of effect size estimates of the 45 research designs-indicating that the informativeness and generalizability of results based on a single experimental design are limited. Drawing strong conclusions about the underlying hypotheses in the presence of substantive design heterogeneity requires moving toward much larger data collections on various experimental designs testing the same hypothesis.
|
|
| 4. |
- Coupette, Fabian, et al.
(author)
-
Percolation of rigid fractal carbon black aggregates
- 2021
-
In: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 155:12
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We examine network formation and percolation of carbon black by means of Monte Carlo simulations and experiments. In the simulation, we model carbon black by rigid aggregates of impenetrable spheres, which we obtain by diffusion-limited aggregation. To determine the input parameters for the simulation, we experimentally characterize the micro-structure and size distribution of carbon black aggregates. We then simulate suspensions of aggregates and determine the percolation threshold as a function of the aggregate size distribution. We observe a quasi-universal relation between the percolation threshold and a weighted average radius of gyration of the aggregate ensemble. Higher order moments of the size distribution do not have an effect on the percolation threshold. We conclude further that the concentration of large carbon black aggregates has a stronger influence on the percolation threshold than the concentration of small aggregates. In the experiment, we disperse the carbon black in a polymer matrix and measure the conductivity of the composite. We successfully test the hypotheses drawn from simulation by comparing composites prepared with the same type of carbon black before and after ball milling, i.e., on changing only the distribution of aggregate sizes in the composites.& nbsp;
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Fanelli, Giuseppe, et al.
(author)
-
Insulinopathies of the brain? : Genetic overlap between somatic insulin-related and neuropsychiatric disorders
- 2022
-
In: Translational Psychiatry. - : Springer Nature. - 2158-3188. ; 12:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The prevalence of somatic insulinopathies, like metabolic syndrome (MetS), obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is higher in Alzheimer's disease (AD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Dysregulation of insulin signalling has been implicated in these neuropsychiatric disorders, and shared genetic factors might partly underlie this observed multimorbidity. We investigated the genetic overlap between AD, ASD, and OCD with MetS, obesity, and T2DM by estimating pairwise global genetic correlations using the summary statistics of the largest available genome-wide association studies for these phenotypes. Having tested these hypotheses, other potential brain "insulinopathies" were also explored by estimating the genetic relationship of six additional neuropsychiatric disorders with nine insulin-related diseases/traits. Stratified covariance analyses were then performed to investigate the contribution of insulin-related gene sets. Significant negative genetic correlations were found between OCD and MetS (r(g) = -0.315, p = 3.9 x 10(-8)), OCD and obesity (r(g) = -0.379, p = 3.4 x 10(-5)), and OCD and T2DM (r(g) = -0.172, p = 3 x 10(-4)). Significant genetic correlations with insulin-related phenotypes were also found for anorexia nervosa (AN), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia (p < 6.17 x 10(-4)). Stratified analyses showed negative genetic covariances between AD, ASD, OCD, ADHD, AN, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and somatic insulinopathies through gene sets related to insulin signalling and insulin receptor recycling, and positive genetic covariances between AN and T2DM, as well as ADHD and MetS through gene sets related to insulin processing/secretion (p < 2.06 x 10(-4)). Overall, our findings suggest the existence of two dusters of neuropsychiatric disorders, in which the genetics of insulin-related diseases/traits may exert divergent pleiotropic effects. These results represent a starting point for a new research line on "insulinopathies" of the brain.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Grossmann, Igor, et al.
(author)
-
Insights into the accuracy of social scientists' forecasts of societal change
- 2023
-
In: Nature Human Behaviour. - : Springer Nature. - 2397-3374. ; 7, s. 484-501
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- How well can social scientists predict societal change, and what processes underlie their predictions? To answer these questions, we ran two forecasting tournaments testing the accuracy of predictions of societal change in domains commonly studied in the social sciences: ideological preferences, political polarization, life satisfaction, sentiment on social media, and gender-career and racial bias. After we provided them with historical trend data on the relevant domain, social scientists submitted pre-registered monthly forecasts for a year (Tournament 1; N = 86 teams and 359 forecasts), with an opportunity to update forecasts on the basis of new data six months later (Tournament 2; N = 120 teams and 546 forecasts). Benchmarking forecasting accuracy revealed that social scientists' forecasts were on average no more accurate than those of simple statistical models (historical means, random walks or linear regressions) or the aggregate forecasts of a sample from the general public (N = 802). However, scientists were more accurate if they had scientific expertise in a prediction domain, were interdisciplinary, used simpler models and based predictions on prior data. How accurate are social scientists in predicting societal change, and what processes underlie their predictions? Grossmann et al. report the findings of two forecasting tournaments. Social scientists' forecasts were on average no more accurate than those of simple statistical models.
|
|
| 10. |
- Gustavsson Binder, Tobias, et al.
(author)
-
Att göra en Gent : nya tag för attraktiva städer med mindre biltrafik
- 2024
-
In: Sammanställning av referat från Transportforum 2024. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. ; , s. 216-216
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Nya koncept inom stads- och trafikplanering har fått stor uppmärksamhet sista åren. Med Superblocks i Barcelona och 15-minutersstaden i Paris som tydliga exempel. En annat koncept är så kallade cirkulationsplaner, med syfte att försvåra genomfartstrafik med bil genom att dela in städers centrala delar i olika zoner. Den stad som blivit mest associerad med cirkulationsplansprincipen är belgiska Gent. Sedan implementeringen 2017 har flera positiva effekter erhållits gällande exempelvis färdmedelsfördelningen. Liknande effekter har också fåtts i den närbelägna staden Leuven som också infört cirkulationszoner. I projektet, som finansierats av WWF Sverige, har intervjuer genomförts med representanter för städer som har eller planerar att införa cirkulationsplaner. Dessutom har representanter för intresseorganisationer, bland annat näringsliv, intervjuats för att öka förståelsen hur städerna arbetat med acceptans. Intervjuer har också gjorts med svenska städer för att undersöka intresset och förutsättningarna för principen.Preliminära resultat visar att flera städer är intresserade av den grundläggande principen bakom cirkulationsplaner, nämligen att tillämpa reglering för att minska biltrafik. Uppfattningen är dock ofta att det är svårt att tillämpa cirkulationsplaneprincipen rakt av, mycket beroende på städers utformning och nuvarande trafiksystem. Studien belyser dock att det finns mycket att lära kring implementeringen i andra städer. Inte minst gällande acceptans samt att kommunicera en vision som inte bara handlar om hållbar mobilitet utan om hela staden samt att kombinera införandet med andra åtgärder som skapar förutsättning för en grön och levande stad. Resultaten belyser också trafiksimuleringsverktygens begränsning för att fånga förändringar i trafiken av liknande åtgärder. Den övergripande slutsatsen är att cirkulationsplaner eller liknande åtgärder som bygger på principen att reglera städers trafik kan spela en viktig roll för städer att ta nästa kliv i sitt omställningsarbete. Detta är viktigt inte minst för att många städer infört mål till 2030 som framstår allt svårare att nå utan nya åtgärder.
|
|
