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- Caporale, N., et al.
(author)
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From cohorts to molecules: Adverse impacts of endocrine disrupting mixtures
- 2022
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In: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 375:6582
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Convergent evidence associates exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with major human diseases, even at regulation-compliant concentrations. This might be because humans are exposed to EDC mixtures, whereas chemical regulation is based on a risk assessment of individual compounds. Here, we developed a mixture-centered risk assessment strategy that integrates epidemiological and experimental evidence. We identified that exposure to an EDC mixture in early pregnancy is associated with language delay in offspring. At human-relevant concentrations, this mixture disrupted hormone-regulated and disease-relevant regulatory networks in human brain organoids and in the model organisms Xenopus leavis and Danio rerio, as well as behavioral responses. Reinterrogating epidemiological data, we found that up to 54% of the children had prenatal exposures above experimentally derived levels of concern, reaching, for the upper decile compared with the lowest decile of exposure, a 3.3 times higher risk of language delay. © 2022 American Association for the Advancement of Science. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Holttinen, H., et al.
(author)
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Design and operation of power systems with large amounts of wind power
- 2009
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Book (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There are already several power systems coping with large amounts of wind power. Hi h penetration of wind power has impacts that have to be manage through proper plant interconnection, integration, transmission planning, and system and market operations. This report is a summary of case studies addressing concerns about the impact of wind power.s variability and uncertainty on power system reliability and costs. The case studies summarized in this report are not easy to compare due to different methodology and data used, as well as different assumptions on the interconnection capacity available. Integration costs of wind power need to be compared to something, like the production costs or market value of wind power, or integration cost of other production forms. There is also benefit when adding wind power to power systems: it reduces the total operating costs and emissions as wind fossil fuels. Severalissues that impact on the amount of wind power that can be integrated have been identified. Large balancing areas and aggregation benefits of large areas help in reducing the variability and forecast errors of wind power as well as help in pooling more cost effective balancing resources. System operation and working electricity markets at less than day-ahead time scales help reduce forecast errors of wind power. Transmission is the key to aggregation benefits, electricity markets and larger balancing areas. From the investigated studies it follows that at wind penetrations of up to 20 % of gross demand (energy), system operating cost increases arising from wind variability and uncertainty amounted to about 1.4 ./MWh. This is 10 % or less of the wholesale value of the wind energy.
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| 5. |
- Holttinen, H., et al.
(author)
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Design and operation of power systems with large amounts of wind power production, IEA collaboration
- 2006
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In: European Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition 2006. - 9781622764679 ; , s. 156-165
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- New R&D collaboration on "Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power Production" has been formed in IEA Wind. The R&D task will collect and share information on the experience gained and the studies made on power system impacts of wind power, and review methodologies, tools and data used. This paper outlines the power system impacts of wind power, the national studies published and on-going and describes the goals of the international collaboration. There are dozens of studies made and ongoing related to cost of wind integration, however, the results are not easy to compare. An in-depth review of the studies is needed to draw conclusions on the range of integration costs for wind power. State-of-the art review process will seek for reasons behind the wide range of results for costs of wind integration - definitions for wind penetration, reserves and costs; different power system and load characteristics and operational rules; underlying assumptions on variability of wind etc.
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| 7. |
- Holttinen, H., et al.
(author)
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State-of-the-art of design and operation of power systems with large amounts of wind power, summary of IEA wind collaboration
- 2007
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In: European Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition 2007, EWEC 2007. - 9781622764686 ; , s. 489-499
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- An international forum for exchange of knowledge of power system impacts of wind power has been formed under the IEA Implementing Agreement on Wind Energy. The task "Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power" is analysing existing case studies from different power systems.There are a multitude of studies made and ongoing related to cost of wind integration. However, the results are not easy to compare. This paper summarises the results from 15 case studies.
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| 10. |
- Nilsson, O., et al.
(author)
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Integer modelling of spinning reserve requirements in short term scheduling of hydro systems
- 1998
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In: IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0885-8950 .- 1558-0679. ; 13:3, s. 959-964
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In short term power system scheduling, reserve margins are kept in order to maintain the security of the system if a non-forecasted event occurs. The security is maintained by re-dispatch of the generators in the system. During the first seconds of the disturbance it is only possible to re-dispatch the on-line units. The maximal increase of the generation during these first seconds of the disturbance is called the spinning reserve. In hydro dominated power systems the spinning reserve is kept in the hydro system, since hydro units are easy to re-dispatch. For an on-line hydro unit the spinning reserve is the marginal between maximum generation and the actual generation. If a hydro plant has several units, only the on-line units will contribute to the spinning reserve. This means that we need to introduce integer variables to model the spinning reserve contribution from a hydro plant with several units. In the literature there are several examples of integer models for representation of the generation of hydro plants. The contribution of this paper is that it incorporates the integer representation of the spinning reserve into an integer model of generation scheduling. To this model we apply variable splitting and Lagrange relaxation to decompose the problem into one subproblem for the hydrological constraints and one subproblem for each hydro plant. In order to find feasible solutions we use a combination of network programming and heuristic search. The dual problem constructed by the decomposition is solved by a subgradient method. In the paper we apply the proposed method to a numerical example.
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