2. |
- Cardwell, Chris R, et al.
(author)
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Breast-Feeding and Childhood-Onset Type 1 Diabetes A pooled analysis of individual participant data from 43 observational studies
- 2012
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In: Diabetes Care. - : American Diabetes Association. - 0149-5992 .- 1935-5548. ; 35:11, s. 2215-2225
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE-To investigate if there is a reduced risk of type 1 diabetes in children breastfed or exclusively breastfed by performing a pooled analysis with adjustment for recognized confounders. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-Relevant studies were identified from literature searches using MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE. Authors of relevant studies were asked to provide individual participant data or conduct prespecified analyses. Meta-analysis techniques were used to combine odds ratios (ORs) and investigate heterogeneity between studies. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanRESULTS-Data were available from 43 studies including 9,874 patients with type 1 diabetes. Overall, there was a reduction in the risk of diabetes after exclusive breast-feeding for andgt;2 weeks (20 studies; OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.64-0.88), the association after exclusive breast-feeding for andgt;3 months was weaker (30 studies; OR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.75-1.00), and no association was observed after (nonexclusive) breast-feeding for andgt;2 weeks (28 studies; OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.81-1.07) or andgt;3 months (29 studies; OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.78-1.00). These associations were all subject to marked heterogeneity (I-2 = 58, 76, 54, and 68%, respectively). In studies with lower risk of bias, the reduced risk after exclusive breast-feeding for andgt;2 weeks remained (12 studies; OR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.75-0.99), and heterogeneity was reduced (I-2 = 0%). Adjustments for potential confounders altered these estimates very little. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanCONCLUSIONS-The pooled analysis suggests weak protective associations between exclusive breast-feeding and type 1 diabetes risk. However, these findings are difficult to interpret because of the marked variation in effect and possible biases (particularly recall bias) inherent in the included studies.
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3. |
- Zamani, Mohammadreza, et al.
(author)
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The role of Sr on microstructure formation and mechanical properties of Al-Si-Cu-Mg cast alloy
- 2013
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In: TMS Light Metals. - 9781118605721 ; , s. 297-302
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to assess the role of Sr modification on eutectic Si, Fe-rich intermetallic phases and porosity and their responses to the mechanical properties of a commercial high pressure die cast alloy Al-Si-Cu-Mg with Fe level up to 1%. Tensile test samples with a variety of coarsenesses, containing different Sr levels were cast using the gradient solidification technique, that enables a study of the solely influence of Sr on microstructure and tensile properties. The modification altered the morphology and size of eutectic silicon, while did not make a significant change on morphology of Fe-rich intermetallic and volume fraction distribution of porosity. The tensile test results indicate that eutectic Si modification is not a guarantee for improved mechanical properties due to the presence of a variety of intermetallics that tend to have a larger role on initiating and propagating cracks leading to premature failures in these commercial alloys.
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