| 1. |
- Bouchouireb, Hamza, 1991-, et al.
(author)
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The inclusion of End-Of-Life modelling in the Life Cycle Energy Optimisation methodology
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In this work, an End-Of-Life (EOL) model is included in the Life Cycle Energy Optimisation (LCEO) methodology to account for the energy burdens and credits stemming from a vehicle’s EOL processing phase and balance them against the vehicle’s functional requirements and production and use phase energies. The substitution with a correction factor allocation method is used to model the contribution of recycling to the EOL phase’s energy. The methodology is illustrated through the optimisation of the design of a simplified vehicle sub-system. For the latter, multiple recycling scenarios with varying levels of assumed recycling induced material property degradation were built, and their impact on the vehicle sub-system’s optimal solutions was compared to that of scenarios based on landfilling and incineration with energy recovery. The results show that the inclusion of EOL modelling in the LCEO methodology can significantly alter material use patterns thereby effecting the life cycle energy of the optimal designs. Indeed, the vehicle sub-system’s optimal designs associated with the recycling scenarios are on average substantially heavier, and less life cycle energy demanding, than their landfilling or incineration with energy recovery-related counterparts.
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| 2. |
- Bouchouireb, Hamza, et al.
(author)
-
The inclusion of end-of-life modelling in the life cycle energy optimisation methodology
- 2021
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In: Journal of Mechanical Design. - : ASME International. - 1050-0472 .- 1528-9001. ; 143:5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this work, an End-Of-Life (EOL) model is included in the Life Cycle Energy Optimisation (LCEO) methodology to account for the energy burdens and credits stemming from a vehicle's EOL processing phase and balance them against the vehicle's functional requirements and production and use phase energies. The substitution with a correction factor allocation method is used to model the contribution of recycling to the EOL phase's energy. The methodology is illustrated through the optimisation of the design of a simplified vehicle sub-system. For the latter, multiple recycling scenarios with varying levels of assumed recycling induced material property degradation were built, and their impact on the vehicle sub-system's optimal solutions was compared to that of scenarios based on landfilling and incineration with energy recovery. The results show that the vehicle sub-system's optimal designs are significantly dependent on the EOL scenario considered. In particular, the optimal designs associated with the recycling scenarios are on average substantially heavier, and less life cycle energy demanding, than their landfilling or incineration with energy recovery-related counterparts; thus, demonstrating how the inclusion of EOL modelling in the LCEO methodology can significantly alter material use patterns, thereby effecting the very mechanisms enabling the embodiment of the resulting life cycle energy optimal designs.
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| 3. |
- Bouchouireb, Hamza, et al.
(author)
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The inclusion of vehicle shape and aerodynamic drag estimations within the life cycle energy optimisation methodology
- 2019
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In: Procedia CIRP. - : Elsevier. - 2212-8271 .- 2212-8271. ; 84, s. 902-907
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present work describes a widening of the scope of the Life Cycle Energy Optimisation (LCEO) methodology with the addition of shape-related design variables. They describe the curvature of a vehicle which impacts its aerodynamic drag and therewith its operational energy demand. Aerodynamic drag is taken into account through the estimation of the drag coefficient of the vehicle body shape using computational fluid dynamics simulations. Subsequently, the aforementioned coefficient is used to calculate the operational energy demand associated with the vehicle. The methodology is applied to the design of the roof of a simplified 2D vehicle model which is both mechanically and geometrically constrained. The roof is modelled as a sandwich structure with its design variables consisting of the material compositions of the different layers, their thicknesses as well as the shape variables. The efficacy of the LCEO methodology is displayed through its ability to deal with the arising functional conflicts while simultaneously leveraging the design benefits of the underlying functional alignments. On average, the optimisation process resulted in 2.5 times lighter and 4.5 times less life cycle energy-intensive free shape designs. This redesign process has also underlined the necessity of defining an allocation strategy for the energy necessary to overcome drag within the context of vehicle sub-system redesign.
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| 4. |
- Bouchouireb, Hamza, 1991-, et al.
(author)
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Towards holistic energy-efficient vehicle product system design: The case for a penalized continuous end-of-life model in the life cycle energy optimisation methodology
- 2019
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In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Design. - : Cambridge University Press. - 2220-4334 .- 2220-4342. ; 1, s. 2901-2910
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Life Cycle Energy Optimisation (LCEO) methodology aims at finding a design solution that uses a minimum amount of cumulative energy demand over the different phases of the vehicle's life cycle, while complying with a set of functional constraints. This effectively balances trade-offs, and therewith avoids sub-optimal shifting between the energy demand for the cradle-to-production of materials, operation of the vehicle, and end-of-life phases. The present work describes the extension of the LCEO methodology to perform holistic product system optimisation. The constrained design of an automotive component and the design of a subset of the processes which are applied to it during its life cycle are simultaneously optimised to achieve a minimal product system life cycle energy. A subset of the processes of the end-of-life phase of a vehicle’s roof are modelled through a continuous formulation. The roof is modelled as a sandwich structure with its design variables being the material compositions and the thicknesses of the different layers. The results show the applicability of the LCEO methodology to product system design and the use of penalisation to ensure solution feasibility.
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| 5. |
- Bouchouireb, Hamza, 1991-, et al.
(author)
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Vehicle aerodynamic shape significantly impacted by vehicle material composition and material circularity potential in life cycle energy optimal vehicle design
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This paper explores how the systemic-level energy consumption of light-duty vehicles could be reduced through integrative design. To this end, the Life Cycle Energy Optimisation (LCEO) methodology is used to achieve the coupled optimal use of materials (including their circularity potential) and vehicle aerodynamic shape to reduce the overall Life Cycle Energy (LCE) footprint of light-duty vehicles, with the results being compared to the lightweight and aerodynamic alternatives. Initially, the methodology is functionally expanded to handle aerodynamic functional requirements through the definition of a novel allocation strategy for the aerodynamic energy, and a parametrised simple vehicle body model that ensures that the LCE knock-on effects of aerodynamically-motivated design decisions are fully accounted for. Subsequently, the methodology is used to perform the first, to the knowledge of the authors, aero-structural LCE-driven design optimisation of a vehicle subsystem, with the impact of the materials’ circularity potential being taken into account through various end-of-life (EOL) processing scenarios, including recycling. The results show that the environmental footprint of light-duty vehicles could significantly be reduced through integrative early-stage design. Specifically, it shows that a life cycle energy optimal vehicle's aerodynamic shape is significantly impacted by the vehicle's material composition and the latter's EOL characteristics — particularly recycling potential. Furthermore, LCE optimal vehicles have been found to be on average longer, heavier and more aerodynamic than their lightweight counterparts, as well as offering up to 20% energy savings per vehicle; while also being shorter and lighter than optimal aerodynamic configurations.
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| 6. |
- Jank, Merle-Hendrikje, et al.
(author)
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Advancing energy efficient early-stage vehicle design through inclusion of end-of-life phase in the life cycle energy optimisation methodology
- 2017
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In: 12th International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies Conference, EVER.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Environmentally-friendly energy-efficient vehicles are an important contributor to meet future global transportation needs. To minimise the environmental impact of a vehicle throughout its entire life cycle, the life cycle energy optimisation (LCEO) methodology has been proposed. Using the proxy of life cycle energy, this methodology balances the energy consumption of vehicle production, operation and end-of-life scenarios. The overall aim is to design a vehicle where life cycle energy is at a minimum. While previous work only included vehicle production and operation, this paper aims at advancing the LCEO methodology by including an end-of-life phase. A simplified design study was conducted to illustrate how vehicle design changes when end-of-life treatment is included. Landfilling, incineration and recycling have been compared as end-of-life treatments, although the focus was put on recycling. The results reveal that the optimal design not only changes with the inclusion of an end-of-life phase but it changes with specific end-of-life treatment.
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| 7. |
- Schöggl, Josef-Peter, et al.
(author)
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A design-theoretic review of Sustainable Product Development literature
- 2019
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In: 22nd International Conference on Sustainable Innovation.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Improving the socio-ecological performance of products in the design stage is essential for achieving sustainable patterns of production and consumption in line with the aims of the UN Sustainable Development Goals or the EU Action Plan for a Circular Economy. However, the uptake of available methods for sustainable product development (SPD) in practice is still low. Therefore, this paper explores if and how the integration of such methods with theories and models of design can contribute to overcoming the lagging adoption of SPD practices. The systematic review that was conducted on the intersection SPD and design theory research reveals that out of 2849 peer-reviewed publications on SPD, only 27 have a design-theoretic foundation. In fact, only the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) and Axiomatic Design were utilised in SPD methods. The majority of the reviewed publications address cross-functional conflicts and provide exemplary cases but mainly focus on environmental aspects. Adoptions on a large scale are not reported. We conclude that underpinning SPD methods with theories and models of design constitutes a considerable research gap and that the addressing of it has the potential to further advance their integration with conventional engineering and design tasks.
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| 8. |
- Schöggl, Josef-Peter, et al.
(author)
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Barriers to sustainable and circular product design : A theoretical and empirical prioritisation in the European automotive industry
- 2024
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In: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 434
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Despite the increasing availability of tools and methods for sustainable and circular product design (DfS), their uptake in practice is slow. This is also true in the automotive industry, where DfS is an important measure for addressing the industry's negative environmental and social impacts. To facilitate DfS implementation, this paper uses an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and offers, for the first time, a classification and prioritisation of the barriers that need to be overcome when implementing DfS into vehicle development processes. Based on a systematic literature review and on an expert workshop, the top 15 DfS barrier factors were derived and divided equally into five groups, following a multi-level structure. These factors and groups formed the input for a survey-based analytic hierarchy process with 38 European industry experts. The results show that strategic issues are the most important barriers, followed by the group of operational, personal, external, and tool-related barriers. Among the 15 barrier factors identified, the top five were (1) an unclear link to profitability, (2) lack of top management support, (3) difficulties in handling trade-offs, (4) high operational costs, and (5) a lack of integration of DfS into corporate strategy. The results indicate that while external constraints already exert pressure on automotive companies, they still face particular challenges when attempting to integrate sustainability into corporate strategies and in transferring such strategies to DfS activities at the operational level. The study results may be used to inform managerial policy and further research.
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| 9. |
- Chebaeva, Natalia, et al.
(author)
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Dealing with the eco-design paradox in research and development projects : The concept of sustainability assessment levels
- 2021
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In: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 281
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Although plenty of research has been carried out to develop a multitude of sustainability assessment methods, few guidelines and criteria have been established to help practitioners and researchers find the most appropriate method for a specific case. Studies have shown the importance of integrating sustainability assessments when conducting research and development activities, but have not provided direct links to available sustainability assessment methods. To address the so-called "eco-design paradox", this paper describes a systematic classification system for the available sustainability assessment methods. To support the early integration of sustainability assessments in research and development, we inductively derived the concept of sustainability assessment levels from the well-known concept of technology readiness level. In total, 33 sustainability assessment methods were considered. We performed an expert-based correspondence analysis based on the availability of information to perform these methods and the demand for specific information at respective technology readiness level. Thereafter, a cluster analysis was performed, creating four distinct clusters which were finally interpreted as sustainability assessment levels. The provided concept supports interdisciplinary research projects in that it provides an overview of and guideline for possible sustainability assessment methods that match the respective technology readiness level. This enables researchers to integrate sustainability assessment into respective research and development projects and further modify and develop the theoretically synthetized concept based on empirical case studies.
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| 10. |
- Diaz, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Sustainable product development in a circular economy : Implications for products, actors, decision-making support and lifecycle information management
- 2021
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In: Sustainable Production and Consumption. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-5509. ; 26, s. 1031-1045
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The concept of circular economy (CE) is of great interest for manufacturing companies since it provides a framework which allows them to align organisational objectives with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Corporate CE entails the adoption of several value-retention options (R-strategies) throughout companies' operations, which aim at creating, preserving and recovering the value of assets and products. The sustainable product development (SPD) process, in which around 80% of the total environmental impact of a product is determined, is employed to translate R-strategies into new product requirements. This study is aimed at investigating the implications of R-strategy adoption for decision-making in SPD. The research follows an empirical approach, combining a literature review and in-depth semi-structured interviews with product developers and sustainability experts working in companies operating in the technical material cycles of the CE. Thus, implications for product dimensions, inter- and intraorganisational actors, decision-making support types and lifecycle information flows so that SPD processes further accommodate CE principles into products are investigated. This study reveals new directions to adjust the contextual factors of SPD to further align existing processes with widely expanding CE organisational cultures.
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