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- Bialik, Marta Anna, 1978, et al.
(author)
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Boiling Point Rise Calculations in Sodium Salt Solutions
- 2008
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In: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 47:4, s. 1283-1287
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The boiling point rise (elevation) of aqueous industrial solutions is often regarded as an important propertywith respect to chemical process design. This work shows an application of the Pitzer method for calculatingthe activity coefficients to the estimation of the boiling point rise of single-component and multicomponentelectrolyte solutions. Good agreement between experimental and predicted values of the boiling point elevationsof solutions of several salts (NaOH, Na2CO3, Na2SO4, NaCl, Na2S2O3, Na2S, mixed NaOH-Na2CO3, andmixed Na2CO3-Na2SO4) was obtained. A method for using the boiling point rise data to obtain ionic interactionparameters for the Pitzer method is also shown.
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| 5. |
- Bialik, Marta Anna, 1978, et al.
(author)
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Solubility and Solid-Phase Composition in Na2CO3-Na2SO4 Solutions at Boiling Temperature: A Modeling Approach
- 2008
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In: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5045 .- 0888-5885. ; 47:9, s. 3233-3238
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Scaling caused by Na2CO3-Na2SO4 double salts constitutes a severe problem in black liquor evaporators.The ability to predict the solubility and solid-phase composition of these species would be conclusive inminimizing the adverse effects of scaling. Experimental solubility data for (sodium sulfate) dicarbonate, acarbonate-rich double salt identified in Na2CO3-Na2SO4 precipitates, were generated and used for fitting anempirical solubility model. A thermodynamically based approach for predicting the solubility and solidphasecomposition, previously used for burkeite precipitates, was applied to solid solutions of dicarbonate.
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| 6. |
- Bialik, Marta Anna, 1978, et al.
(author)
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Using the Pitzer method to estimate the boiling point rise in black liquor solutions
- 2009
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In: Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal. - 2000-0669 .- 0283-2631. ; 24:2, s. 172-182
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The b.p. rise (elevation) of aq. industrial solns. is often of significant importance for the design of process conditions, equipment, heat balances, etc. However, few rigorous methods exist for predicting b.p. elevation in complex, multicomponent, electrolyte solns. An example of such a soln. is the black liquor obtained in kraft pulp prodn.: a complex mixt. of org. and inorg. ions including Na+, K+, OH-, HS-, CO32-, SO42-, S2O32-, CH3COO-, various phenolates and many more. This work shows one application of the semi-empirical Pitzer method to the theor. prediction of the b.p. rise in industrial black liquor solns. The values of the b.p. elevation were measured in two series of black liquors from representative Swedish mills, including both the original and lignin-lean black liquor at different solid contents. The results show a good agreement between exptl. and predicted values at low to moderate solid content, and good qual. prediction at high solid content.
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| 8. |
- Dingwell, Kristofer, 1984, et al.
(author)
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Filtration of Lignin from a Lignocellulose-Based Ethanol Pilot Plant
- 2011
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In: Environmental Engineering Science. - : Mary Ann Liebert Inc. - 1092-8758 .- 1557-9018. ; 28:11, s. 775-779
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- An increasing demand for bio-based vehicle fuels and impending harsher regulations of CO2 emissions are driving the development of a second generation of ethanol fuel processes. These processes will increase yields and make new feedstocks available, as they are designed to handle lignocellulosic materials such as wood. In order to achieve a sound financial economy of such a process, as well as an acceptable degree of energy efficiency, it is of the utmost importance that the lignin produced has a high dry content. An experimental study was conducted on lignin slurry from a pilot plant in the north of Sweden, in which the lignin slurry was filtered, pressed, and characterized. The dewatering was evaluated with the classical filtration equation by determining the average specific filtration resistance of the filter cakes. Compared with previous work, relatively low values of the specific filtration resistance were obtained. It is probable that the low values were an effect of the high amount of cellulose fibers present in the lignin residue. Cellulose content of the material produced in a commercially viable process will be much lower and likely result in increased filtration resistance as shown in previous work. Determination of local filtration properties is necessary for efficient design and scale-up of dewatering equipment for compressible materials. To the authors' knowledge, the local results presented are the first such measurements on material that has been produced in a pilot plant.
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