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- Mishra, A, et al.
(author)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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In: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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- Xu, Bo, et al.
(author)
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Analysis of Impacts of Expected RF EMF Exposure Restrictions on Peak EIRP of 5G User Equipment at 28 GHz and 39 GHz Bands
- 2019
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In: IEEE Access. - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 2169-3536. ; 7, s. 20996-21005
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Above 6 GHz, radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure from the mobile communication user equipment (UE) should be assessed in terms of incident power density, rather than specific absorption rate as below 6 GHz. Such regulatory RF EMF restrictions will constrain the transmit power of the UE and its peak equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP). This paper provides an analysis of the peak EIRP levels of UE containing code-book-based beamforming arrays at 28 GHz and 39 GHz. Different types of antenna elements, incremental element spacing, 4- and 8-element array configurations, and realistic housing integration are considered. The analysis and results show that in realistic housing integration, the 3GPP requirements on minimum peak EIRP can be generally met under the expected RF EMF exposure restrictions.
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- Chen, Rui, et al.
(author)
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Prostate Specific Antigen and Prostate Cancer in Chinese Men Undergoing Initial Prostate Biopsies Compared with Western Cohorts
- 2017
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In: Journal of Urology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0022-5347 .- 1527-3792. ; 197:1, s. 90-96
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose We determined the characteristics of Chinese men undergoing initial prostate biopsy and evaluated the relationship between prostate specific antigen levels and prostate cancer/high grade prostate cancer detection in a large Chinese multicenter cohort. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included 13,904 urology outpatients who had undergone biopsy for the indications of prostate specific antigen greater than 4.0 ng/ml or prostate specific antigen less than 4.0 ng/ml but with abnormal digital rectal examination results. The prostate specific antigen measurements were performed in accordance with the standard procedures at the respective institutions. The type of assay used was documented and recalibrated to the WHO standard. Results The incidence of prostate cancer and high grade prostate cancer was lower in the Chinese cohort than the Western cohorts at any given prostate specific antigen level. Around 25% of patients with a prostate specific antigen of 4.0 to 10.0 ng/ml were found to have prostate cancer compared to approximately 40% in U.S. clinical practice. Moreover, the risk curves were generally flatter than those of the Western cohorts, that is risk did not increase as rapidly with higher prostate specific antigen. Conclusions The relationship between prostate specific antigen and prostate cancer risk differs importantly between Chinese and Western populations, with an overall lower risk in the Chinese cohort. Further research should explore whether environmental or genetic differences explain these findings or whether they result from unmeasured differences in screening or benign prostate disease. Caution is required for the implementation of prostate cancer clinical decision rules or prediction models for men in China or other Asian countries with similar genetic and environmental backgrounds.
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- Cronhjort, M, et al.
(author)
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Influence of the phosphate balance on the activity distribution of 99mTc-hydroxy-methylene diphosphonate. Experimental studies in the mouse
- 1998
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In: Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). - : SAGE Publications. - 0284-1851 .- 1600-0455. ; 39:4, s. 427-433
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: The purpose was to determine whether changes in the phosphate balance have an influence on the distribution of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals. Material and Methods: The biodistribution of 99mTc-HDP in mice, intravenously administered under varying conditions, was assessed by removing different organs and estimating their activity in a scintillation counter. Some experiments were also performed with 99mTc-MDP and 99mTc-DPD. Results: After 1 h and 18 h on phosphate-enriched drinking water, the mice showed a strongly increased uptake in all organs/tissues representing background activity and a decrease in the bone uptake. This pattern changed with time. After 6–8 days of phosphate load, we saw a more favourable distribution with a reduction of the background and whole-body activity. Administration of hPTH 1–34 gave rise to an activity distribution similar to that after 6–8 days on phosphate-enriched water. Changing the phosphate balance had less obvious effects on the distribution of 99mTc-MDP and 99mTc-DPD. Conclusion: The activity distribution of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals in the mouse is affected by the phosphate balance. The mechanism behind this finding is unknown but it may be partially mediated by PTH. It is possible that changes in the phosphate balance, induced by pharmaceuticals or by dietary changes, may affect the image quality at bone scintigraphy.
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