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- Abdalla, E., et al.
(author)
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Cosmology intertwined : A review of the particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology associated with the cosmological tensions and anomalies
- 2022
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In: Journal of High Energy Astrophysics. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-4048 .- 2214-4056. ; 34, s. 49-211
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The standard Λ Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) cosmological model provides a good description of a wide range of astrophysical and cosmological data. However, there are a few big open questions that make the standard model look like an approximation to a more realistic scenario yet to be found. In this paper, we list a few important goals that need to be addressed in the next decade, taking into account the current discordances between the different cosmological probes, such as the disagreement in the value of the Hubble constant H0, the σ8–S8 tension, and other less statistically significant anomalies. While these discordances can still be in part the result of systematic errors, their persistence after several years of accurate analysis strongly hints at cracks in the standard cosmological scenario and the necessity for new physics or generalisations beyond the standard model. In this paper, we focus on the 5.0σ tension between the Planck CMB estimate of the Hubble constant H0 and the SH0ES collaboration measurements. After showing the H0 evaluations made from different teams using different methods and geometric calibrations, we list a few interesting new physics models that could alleviate this tension and discuss how the next decade's experiments will be crucial. Moreover, we focus on the tension of the Planck CMB data with weak lensing measurements and redshift surveys, about the value of the matter energy density Ωm, and the amplitude or rate of the growth of structure (σ8,fσ8). We list a few interesting models proposed for alleviating this tension, and we discuss the importance of trying to fit a full array of data with a single model and not just one parameter at a time. Additionally, we present a wide range of other less discussed anomalies at a statistical significance level lower than the H0–S8 tensions which may also constitute hints towards new physics, and we discuss possible generic theoretical approaches that can collectively explain the non-standard nature of these signals. Finally, we give an overview of upgraded experiments and next-generation space missions and facilities on Earth that will be of crucial importance to address all these open questions.
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| 2. |
- Johansson, Jan, et al.
(author)
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Radioisotope evaluation of the esophageal remnant and the gastric conduit after gastric pull-up esophagectomy
- 1999
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In: Surgery. - 0039-6060. ; 125:3, s. 297-303
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The act of swallowing after gastric pull-up esophagectomy has not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate deglutition in the esophageal remnant and in the gastric conduit in patients who have undergone this operation.METHODS: The residual radionuclide activity was measured 15 seconds after a swallow in the esophageal remnant and at intervals up to a maximum of 120 minutes after a swallow in the gastric conduit. The scintigraphic rate of transit of a bolus in both areas was compared in patients who had anastomosis in the neck (n = 15) versus patients who had anastomosis in the chest (n = 19). Comparisons were also made between patients with and without symptoms of dysphagia. The scintigraphic measurements were also correlated with anastomotic diameters, measured with use of a volumetric balloon insufflation method, at 3, 6, and 12 months after operation.RESULTS: There were no significant differences in esophageal residual radionuclide activity at 15 seconds after a swallow in the groups with anastomosis in the neck versus anastomosis in the chest, with 30% residual activity up to 12 months after operation in both groups (P = .24). In the patients as a whole the 50% gastric conduit emptying time of 44 to 61 minutes did not change during the first postoperative year (P = .12). There was no association between anastomotic diameter and residual activity in the remaining esophagus (P < .126). Moderate and severe dysphagia was reported in only a few patients, and there was no correlation between dysphagic symptoms and retention in the residual esophagus or slower emptying in the gastric conduit.CONCLUSIONS: The amount of peristaltic activity in the remaining esophagus after esophagectomy with gastric replacement is unaffected by the level of the anastomosis. The gastric conduit empties slowly in all patients, and there is no correlation between the rate of emptying and either anastomotic diameter or symptoms of dysphagia.
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| 6. |
- Sloth, B, et al.
(author)
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No difference in body weight decrease between a low-glycemic-index and a high-glycemic-index diet but reduced LDL cholesterol after 10-wk ad libitum intake of the low-glycemic-index diet
- 2004
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In: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - 1938-3207. ; 80:2, s. 337-347
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The role of glycemic index (GI) in appetite and body-weight regulation is still not clear. Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the long-term effects of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet with either low glycemic index (LGI) or high glycemic index (HGI) on ad libitum energy intake, body weight, and composition, as well as on risk factors for type 2 diabetes and ischemic heart disease in overweight healthy subjects. Design: The study was a 10-wk parallel, randomized, intervention trial with 2 matched groups. The LGI or HGI test foods, given as replacements for the subjects’ usual carbohydrate-rich foods, were equal in total energy, energy density, dietary fiber, and macronutrient composition. Subjects were 45 (LGI diet: n = 23; HGI diet: n = 22) healthy overweight [body mass index (in kg/m2): 27.6 ± 0.2] women aged 20–40 y. Results: Energy intake, mean (± SEM) body weight (LGI diet: –1.9 ± 0.5 kg; HGI diet: –1.3 ± 0.3 kg), and fat mass (LGI diet: –1.0 ± 0.4 kg; HGI diet: –0.4 ± 0.3 kg) decreased over time, but the differences between groups were not significant. No significant differences were observed between groups in fasting serum insulin, homeostasis model assessment for relative insulin resistance, homeostasis model assessment for ß cell function, triacylglycerol, nonesterified fatty acids, or HDL cholesterol. However, a 10% decrease in LDL cholesterol (P < 0.05) and a tendency to a larger decrease in total cholesterol (P = 0.06) were observed with consumption of the LGI diet as compared with the HGI diet. Conclusions: This study does not support the contention that low-fat LGI diets are more beneficial than HGI diets with regard to appetite or body-weight regulation as evaluated over 10 wk. However, it confirms previous findings of a beneficial effect of LGI diets on risk factors for ischemic heart disease. Key Words: Obesity • fat mass • energy intake • type 2 diabetes • ischemic heart disease • cholesterol • triacylglycerol • glucose • insulin
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